Regs Flashcards
What do you need to act as a PIC in IMC
§61.57(c) 66 Hits
Within 6 cal mos: 6 instrument approaches, Holding procedures & tasks, intercepting & tracking courses through the use of electronic navigation system.
Pre-flight self-assessment
IMSAFE
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Eating/Emotions
Risk Management & Personal Mins
PAVE Checklist
Pilot (IMSAFE)
Aircraft
enVironment
External Pressures
Decision Making (DECIDE)
Detect that a change has occurred
Estimate the need to counter the change
Choose a desirable outcome
Identify solutions
Do the necessary actions
Evaluate the effects of the actions
Documents Required for Flight
AARROW PDC
Annual
ADs
Registration
Radio Op Cert
Operating Handbook
Weight & Balance
Placards
Data Plate
Compass Deviation Card
Preflight info required §91.103
§91.103 - NWKRAFT
NOTAMs
Weather reports and forecasts
Known traffic delays
Runway length of intended use
Alternatives available
Fuel Reqs
Takeoff and landing perf data
Need an alternate
1, 2, 3 rule. 1 hr before & 1hr after ETA
Ceiling will be at least 2,000’ above airport elevation
Visibility will be at least 3 statue miles.
FPM Formula
FPM = (FPNM x Groundspeed) / (60)
IFR Departure Clearance
C - Clearance Limit
R - Route
A - Altitude
F - Frequency
T - Transponder
What is the purpose of a STAR
Serves as a transition between enroute structure and a point from which h an approach to landing can be made.
What is the purpose of a STAR
Serves as a transition between enroute structure and a point from which h an approach to landing can be made.
What is the purpose of a SID
Provide obstruction clearance and helps reduce radio congestion.
Do I need to file an alternate? §91.169
§91.169 1-2-3 rule: 1hr before or after ETA, forecasted weather is less than 2000’ ceiling and 3sm visibility.
What are the basic IFR departure clearance items?
Clearance limit
Route
Altitude
Frequency
Transponder code
What are mandatory reports under IFR?
MARVELOUSVFR C500
Missed Approach
Airspeed +/-10kt / 5% of filed TAS
Reaching a Holding Fix
VFR on top
ETA change +/-3mins
Leaving a holding fix
Outer marker
Unforecasted Weather
Safety of flight
Vacating an altitude
Final approach fix
Radio/Nav failure
Compulsory reporting points?!
500 - unable to climb or descend @ 500FPM
What are standard IFR take off mins?
Part 91 - None
Part 121, 125, 129, 135 -
2 engines: 1sm visibility
3+ engines: 1/2sm visibility
What are holding pattern altitudes and speeds?
Up to 6,000 msl - 200KIAS
6,001 - 14,000 msl - 235kts
> 14,001- 260kts
What are RVR distances and equivalencies is SM?
1600 - 1/4 mile
2400 - 1/2 mile
3200 - 5/8mile
4000 - 3/4mile
4500 - 7/8mile
5000 - 1 mile
6000 - 1 1/4 mile
What are lost comm procedures?
Fly the highest among (MEA):
Minimum altitude prescribed by IFR
Expected altitude
ATF clearance limit
Procedure Turns are Not Required When? §91.175
SHARPT §91.175
Straight in approach
Holding in lieu of a procedure turn
Arc
Radar vectors
P - NO PT depicted on chart
Timed approaches
Teardrop course reversal
WHEN CAN YOU DESCEND BELOW AN MDA/DA? §91.175
- Aircraft in a continuous position to land at a normal descent rate using normal maneuvers.
- Flight visibility not less than the prescribed for the approach.
- May descend to 100’ above TDZE if approach lights and red terminating bars in sight.
- At least on of the following in sight (Runway environment is not acceptable answer):
- Threshold, Threshold markings, Threshold lights
- Runway End Indicator Lights (REILs)
- Visual Glideslope Indicator
- Touchdown Zone, Touchdown Markings, Touchdown Lights
- Runway, Runway Markings, Runway Lights
Aircraft Approach Categories - speeds and circling distances
CAT A - 1.3VSO < 90 - 1.3NM circling
CAT B - 1.3VSO 91-120 - 1.5NM circling
CAT C - 1.3VSO 121-140 - 1.7NM circling
CAT D - 1.3VSO 141-165 - 2.3NM
CAT E - 1.3VSO > 165 - 4.5NM
What is a Visual Descent Point (VDP)? (AIM 5-4-5)
A defined point from which a descent using a normal descent rate and normal maneuvers can be made from the MDA to touchdown point provided visual reference is established
What equipment is needed for IFR Flight? GRABCARD
ATOMATO FLAMES + FLAPS (91.205) + GRABCARD
Generator/Alternator
Radios
Altimeter (sensitive)
Ball (turn/slip indicator)
Clock
Attitude Indicator
Rate of Turn Indicator
Directional Gyro (heading indicator)
What are the standard VOR service volumes?
Terminal - 1,000’ 12,000’ - 25NM
Low - 5,000’ - 18,000’ - 70NM
High - 5,000’ - 14,500’ - 70NM
14,500 - 18,000 - 100NM
180 - 450 - 130NM
450 - 600 - 100NM
What are the types of procedure turns?
- Course Reversal
- Descent from IAF
- Inbound Course Interception
What is a Minimum Safe Altitudes (MSA)?
- Emergency altitude used in case of lost situational awareness
- Provides obstacle/terrain avoidance
What is a Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) altitude?
- Provides altitude and distance information for a given area
- For RNAV approaches only
Identify marker beacons
Marker Beacon
- Avionics signal different colors/audible morse codes when passing over
- Outer
- Flashing Blue
- Dashes - - - -
- Usually 4-7nm from runway threshold
o Middle
- Flashing Amber
- Dash Dot Dash Dot -.-.
- 3500 feet from runway threshold
o Inner
- Flashing White
- Dots ….
- Short and high-pitched
What is a false glide slope?
Glide slope above the normal glide slope.
Rate of descent for 3° glide slope formula
Groundspeed x 5
When do you go “missed”
• When to go Missed
-Precision
• The DA/DH
- Non-Precision
• Runway Threshold or other specified point, usually labeled as a point with DME
• If a plate has both precision/non-precision approaches, then the profile view will ALWAYS default to showing the precision approach profile
• All the information is still there for the non-precision approach, but it is up to YOU to interpret/visualize how it’s different
Magnetic Compass Errors
VDMONA
Variation
Deviation
Magnetic Dip
Oscillation
North turning errors (UNOS)
Acceleration Errors (ANDS)
Min IFR Altitudes
Except for Takeoff and Landing, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below -
Min altitudes prescribed for the flown segment, or if none
-Mountainous areas: 2,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4NM from the course
- Non-mountainous areas: 1,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4NM from the course
Min IFR Altitudes
Except for Takeoff and Landing, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below -
Min altitudes prescribed for the flown segment, or if none
-Mountainous areas: 2,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4NM from the course
- Non-mountainous areas: 1,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4NM from the course
VOR Check Reqs §91.171
DEPS
Date
Error (bearing error)
Place
Signature
GPS Satellites
GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) operated by the United States.
■ The constellation consists of a minimum of 24 satellites (with some spares) orbiting above the earth at 10,900 NM. The system is designed so that at least 5 satellites are in view at any given location on earth.
What is RAIM
Recover Autonomous Integrity Monitoring.
RAIM (fault detection) requires a minimum of 5 satellites, or, 4 satellites + an altimeter input (baro-aided RAIM)
To eliminate a corrupt satellite (fault exclusion), RAIM needs an additional satellite (total of 6 or 5 + baro-aid)
■ A database loaded into the receiver unit contains navigational data such as: airports, navaids, routes, waypoints
and instrument procedures.
What are the basic instrument flying skills?
Cross check
Instrument interpretation
Aircraft control
What are the types of weather briefings
Standard - a full briefing
Abbreviated - update a previous standard briefing
Outlook - for departures 6+ hours. Includes forecast
Inflight - FSS inflight briefing
What are the types of weather briefings
Standard - a full briefing
Abbreviated - update a previous standard briefing
Outlook - for departures 6+ hours. Includes forecast
Inflight - FSS inflight briefing
AIRMETS
Sierra - Widespread IFR/Mountain Obscuration
Tango - moderate turbulence. Winds > 30kts
Zulu - Moderate Icing and freezing levels
SIGMETS
Forecast up to 4hrs
Severe icing not associated with with t-storms
Turbulance - severe or CAT
Dust storms/ sandstorms - lowering surface via to < 3NM
Convective SIGNETS
Issued hourly @ 55mins past the hour
Valid for 2hrs
- Severe t-storms
- Surface winds >50kts
- Hail > 3/4”
- Tornados
- Embedded t-storms
- A line of t-storms at least 60 miles long affecting 40% of its length
- T-storms producing heavy rain
- Tropical cyclones
- Volcanic ash
Icing types
Clear
Time
Mixed
Structural Icing
Instrument
Induction
Intake
Carb
Frost
LIFR, IFR, MVFR, VFR
LIFR - < 500’ ceiling; <1SM vis
IFR - 500’ - 1,000 ceil; 1-3SM vis
MVFR - 1,000’ - 3,000’ ceil; 3-5 SM
VFR - > 3,000’ ceil, > 5SM
List V-Speeds
Vs1 - 57
Vs0 - 64
Vr - 65
Vx - 70
Vy - 89
Va - 126
Vfe - 110
Vno - 160
Vne - 198
Max Dem x-wind - 17
182 engine
Continental O-470-R
Carbureted
Horizontally Opposed
470 cu in displacement
Direct Drive
Air Cooled
Normally Aspiraterd
Wet Sump Lubricated
230BHP @ 2700RPM
Dual Magneto
Mixture - fuel/air ratio
182 prop
Constant speed
82” diameter
2-blade
Aluminum
182 electrical
Alternator
Battery
Standby battery
182 electrical
Alternator
Battery
Standby battery
Instrument & Equipment Check
Comms - antennas, radio, transponder
Nav equipment - VOR, GPS
Compass - fluid, indicates correctly, swings freely
Heading Indicator - compass cross check
Attitude Indicator - +/-5° of known pitch/bank
Turn & Slip indicator - ball moves to outside of turn
VSI - reads zero
DME - Above FL180
ASI - check during takeoff roll
OAT - Check
Clock - Check
