Reglas Gramáticas Flashcards by Nicolas Sarchet

Equal comparisons with adjectives/ adverbs

Tan (adj) como….

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Equal comparisons with nouns

Tanto/s (noun) como

Practico tantos deportes como tú

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Equal comparisons with verbs

(verb) tanto como

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A personal rule

Only use “a” when you talking about a specific person or group

(Conozco a Julia)

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Let’s (verb)

A (inf)

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Two ways to ask how long something has happened

Hace cuantos (time period) que (present conjugation of verb)

Hace cuantos meses que estudias español

And

Desde cuándo (present conjugation of verb)

Desde cuándo cantas en la iglesia?

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Affirmative commands in tu form and irregular commands (8 of them)

Drop the r, same as third person present

Viver –> vive

Despertar –> despierta

Venir --> ven
Poner --> pon
Tener --> ten
Hacer --> haz
Ser --> sé
Decir --> di
Ir --> ve

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Tu commands, negatives

This is the same as “no” form in uds, And add an s

Toca –> toques
Jugar –> juegues
Venir –> vengas

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Where to put pronouns in commands

Put them after the verb in affirmative,

Before the verb in negative

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How to form a command in ud and uds form, and the irregulars, and stem changes

Ar –> e. Empezar –> empiece

Er –> a. Comer –> coma

Stem change happens!!

Uds add an “n” afterwards comer –> coman

Irregulares are:

Dar --> dé
Estar --> esté
Ser --> sea
Saber --> sepa
Ir --> vaya

Also!

Verbs ending in:

car –> que buscar –> busque
zar –> ce. Comenzar –> comencé
gar –> gue. Pagar –> pague

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Ways to answer questions about how long (4 ways)

Hace (#)(time period) que (present form)

Desde que (present tense)

Desde (specific point in time)

Desde hace (time period)

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How to form an unequal comparison

Más (adj) que ….

Mejor que …

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Superlatives

El/la más (adj) de (What you’re comparing)

Brazil es el más grande de países en sur america

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Unequal comparisons with verbs and nu

(present of verb) más/menos que….

Más/menos de (#)

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Changes for -car, -gar, -zar in preterite

car –> qué
gar –> gué
zar –> cé

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-ar verbs in preterite

Yo.                         é
Tu.                         aste
El, ella, ud.           ó
Nosotros.           amos
Vosotros.            Asteis
Ellos, ellas, uds.  aron

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-er and -ir verbs in preterite

Yo.                         í
Tu.                         iste
El, ella, ud.           ió
Nosotros.          imos
Vosotros.          isteis
Ellos, ellas, uds.  ieron

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Dar and ver endings in preterite

Yo.                                i
tu                                 iste
El, ella, ud                 io
nosotros.                 imos
vosotros.                  isteis
Ellos ellas uds        ieron

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Conjugation of tener and it’s verbs in preterite

Yo.                               Tuve
tu                                 tuviste
El, ella, ud                 tuvo
nosotros.                 Tuvimos
vosotros.                  Tuvisteis
Ellos ellas uds        tuveron

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Irregular preterite stems

Tener --> tuv
estar --> estuv
poder --> pud
poner --> pus
Andar --> anduv
saber --> sup
caber --> cup
Haber --> hub
Querer --> quis
venir --> vin
hacer --> hic, haz
Decir --> dij
traer --> traj
conducir --> conduj

Also endings are -eron in uds

Other meanings for conocer, saber, And querer in preterite

Conocer: to meet for the first time
Saber: to find out
Querer: to try
In negative, to refuse

-ir verb root change in preterite ud and uds form

E –> ie And e –> i change to e –> i

Sirvo –> sirvió

O –> ue becomes o –> u

Duermo –> durmió

Conjugation of it/see in preterite

Yo.                         Fue
Tu.                         Fuiste
El, ella, ud.           Fue
Nosotros.           Fuimos
Vosotros.            Fuisteis
Ellos, ellas, uds.  Fueron

Note: ir form uses the preposition “a”

Conjugation of -uir, leer and creer in preterite ud and uds

-uir –> uyó, uyeron

Vosotros commands

Replace the final r with a d Tener --> tened

Present conjugation of haber

``` Yo. He Tu. Has El, ella, ud. Ha Nosotros. Hemos Vosotros. Haís Ellos, ellas, uds. Han ```

Stress rules

1. If the word ends with a vowel, n, or s, it's on the second to last syllable 2. Other words are on last syllable

Irregular Present participles Estoy ____ndo

-ir and -er the stems change to keep the vowel sound Leer --> leyendo. Oír --> oyendo Stem changing -ir verbs: e --> i, o --> u Pedir --> pidiendo Dormir --> durmiendo

How to construct the present perfect and

To talk about something RIGHT NOW Estar (conjugated) (inf) ando/iendo Estoy comiendo ahora

How to talk about a future event

(Conjugate ir) a (inf) Voy a pagar

When to use "en" vs "a"

"a" implies motion, "en" does not Voy a el parque Estoy en el parque

How to talk about a present condition, because of a previous action

(conjugate estar) (adj) Está muerto

How to ask for information, not an explanation

Cuál(es) (pregunta) Cuál cama es mi cama?

How to ask for a definition, not an explanation

Que (pregunta) Que es esto?

Yo conjugation of poner, hacer, salir, traer

Pongo Hago Salgo Traigo

-ir verb present conjugation

``` Yo. o Tu. es El, ella, ud. i Nosotros. imos Vosotros. ís Ellos, ellas, uds. en ```

-er verbo present conjugation

``` Yo. o Tu. es El, ella, ud. e Nosotros. emos Vosotros. éis Ellos, ellas, uds. en ```

-ar present conjugation

``` Yo. o Tu. as El, ella, ud. a Nosotros. amos Vosotros. áis Ellos, ellas, uds. an ```

Estar present conjugation

``` Yo. Estoy Tu. Estás El, ella, ud. Está Nosotros. Estamos Vosotros. Estáis Ellos, ellas, uds. Están ```

Ir present conjugation

``` Yo. Voy Tu. Vas El, ella, ud. Va Nosotros Vamos Vosotros. Vais Ellos, ellas, uds. Van ```

ser conjugation present

``` Yo. Soy Tu. Eres El, ella, ud. Es Nosotros. Somos Vosotros. Sois Ellos, ellas, uds. Son ```

It's necessary to

Hay que (inf)

How to construct "was (verb)ing"

Fue (inf) + do El fue estudiado por el examen

(person) may have

Puede que (persona) tenga

Por vs para

Por: the cause of an action, motion, duration. Para: the effect, destination, deadline. Estoy trabajando para mi familia. Estoy trabajando por mi familia. First one is working in order to help the family, second one is substituting. Salimons por la puerta. Viajan para Bolivia. Trabajó por dos horas. La tarea es para lunes

How to express an action the went on for a period of time in the past "i.e I had been working for three months" (2 ways)

Hacía (time period) que (verb in imperfect) | Verb in imperfect) desde hacía (time

How to ask how long someone had done something "i.e how long have you been working?"

Cuánto tiempo hacía que (verb in imperfect) Hacía cuánto tiempo que (imperfect verb)

How to express a past action that took place at a specific time "i.e I saw him two months ago

Hace (time) que (verbo in preterite)