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MGZ Politics paper 3 > Regionalism > Flashcards

Regionalism Flashcards

1
Q

Who said ‘regionalism is out, sovereignty back in’

A

-Andrés Malamud.

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2
Q

What does increasing economic interdependence lead to?

A

-Leads to ideas of standardisation of quality, e.g. for goods and produce which facilitates better trading between states.

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3
Q

How did the EU influence other regionalist blocs economically?

A
  • The model of the EU was emulated in 1994 with the West African Economic and Monetary Union.
  • This represents one of few regional currency unions globally. (it is the CFA Franc, pegged to the Euro).
  • This shows the EU as a good model of regionalism as it has promoted trade within countries apart on the Union, for example the Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso.
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4
Q

How does the model of the EU promote neo-colonialism?

A
  • The EU is based off Western views of free-market trade all over the world.
  • This is turn led to the Eurozone crisis as distinctly economically and culturally different countries were included within the same monetary union.
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5
Q

What is an example of the EU not being a good economic model?

(clue A____ Bevis)

A
  • ASEAN is considered as one of the most successful and distinctive regional organisations outside of the EU.
  • However, in it’s ‘2025 Blueprint’ it did not include the desire for a monetary union.
  • This goes against the EU’s worldwide free-market economy and instead pursues a ‘closed’ system of trading.
  • Overall, the EU economic model is not attractive to all and as a result does not always reflect a good model of representation.
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6
Q

What is an example of juxtaposing nation philosophies in the EU?

A
  • Greece is credited as being a major part of the Eurozone crisis, it has low tax collection rate and high public spending- this meant it was consistently borrowing to fuel its expenditures.
  • Countries such as Germany and Sweden have much different philosophies. Having higher taxes meaning books are more easily balanced.
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7
Q

What is the argument that the makeup of the EU is not replicable?

Give an example.

A
  • The makeup of the EU means that there is not one hegemon in the organisation. Countries such as France, Germany Spain and previously the UK have relatively strong economies and as a result it is not likely that one country can dominate proceedings.
  • However, some organisations may be dominated by one single nation-state as they are the most powerful nation in that region.
  • For example Brazil makes up 70% of MERCOSUR (South American regionalist bloc). The economic diversity of different regions can mean that the EU model of regionalism can not work.
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8
Q

What appears to be required for the success of regional monetary unions?

A

-Pre-existing similar approach to fiscal policy

Or

-Transfer of fiscal policy making to supranational regional institutions.

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9
Q

How is it unlikely the EU models of culture and human rights will not be adopted in other regionalism?

A
  • Divergence in many countries means that cultural differences inhibit the implementation of universal policies.
  • For example within the Arab League there is a monarchy in Saudi Arabia and an authoritarian regime in Egypt.
  • Hard to implement based on EU model as differences in culture mean that the EU model is not able to be implemented.
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10
Q

How has the EU been effective as a model of regionalism in terms of security?

A
  • Part of the reason the US helped in the forming of the EU was to prevent France and Germany entering future conflict by ensuring their interdependence.
  • Similarly regional organisations such as the Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation (SCO) have emerged to ensure security of members such as Russia and Uzbekistan.
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11
Q

What are some weaknesses of the SCO?

A

-China have been seen to use the organisation as an economic regional organisation. Using it to promote its Silk Road Initiative.

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12
Q

Define what regionalism is.

A

-Creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region.

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13
Q

What are the different types of regionalism?

A
  • Economic regionalism; focuses on financial and trade aspects of regional cooperation. A vast majority of states belong to a regional trade bloc.
  • Security regionalism; regional organisations look to achieve peace and stability. One method of doing this is through interconnectedness making war impossible. The other is to achieve peace through protection from a common enemy.
  • Political regionalism; states that share same values look to protect these values and enhance voice in world affairs.
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14
Q

What are some examples of TNCs being extremely powerful?

A
  • Apple has $200 billion in cash reserves, slightly less than the GDP of the republic of Ireland which has 4.5 million inhabitants.
  • In 2012 Samsung had a $196 billion revenue which was more than the GDP of Morocco which has 32 million citizens.
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15
Q

How does regionalism look to limit the power of TNCs?

A
  • As states are grouped together it means that countries will not try to undercut each other in the hopes of gaining contracts with TNCs.
  • TNCs do not benefit from ‘shopping around’ for states for best deal.
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16
Q

How does corporation tax fluctuate in the EU and how does this undermine the power of the regional bloc?

A
  • In Belgium corporation tax is 33%
  • In Bulgaria it is 10%
  • The unharmonised nature of corporation tax at an EU level means that TNCs can infact choose where to work even within a regional bloc.
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17
Q

How does the EU give smaller states a bigger voice?

What’s an example?

A

-Smaller states that are grouped in regional organisations are more able to stand up to large TNCs as the EU is very significant in talks such as Conference of the Parties (COP).

  • For example the EU played a significant role at COP26 and was one of over 190 countries which agreed to the consensus of the COP26 negotiations.
  • resulted in the completion of the Paris Agreement rulebook which hoped to keep the rise in temperature to 1.5 degrees C.
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18
Q

What is an example of the EU allowing smaller states to trade?

A
  • A small state like Malta with 430,000 inhabitants is unlikely to negotiate a very equal trade deal with large states such as China with its 1.3 billion citizens.
  • However access to the EU markets gives Malta the ability to trade with 508 million citizens of Europe, with regulated tax and customs. For example being able to trade fairly with Germany for cars and France for cheese.
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19
Q

What did Francis Fukuyama say about liberal regional institutions?

A
  • He said they were the end of history.

- They are the end of political evolution and are ultimate political system.

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20
Q

What is the democratic peace theory?

A
  • The democratic peace theory states that democratic states are unlikely to go to war with one another.
  • For example following WW2 France and Germany had gone to war 3 times in the prior century, following integration and democratisation it is impossible to think that these countries will be in conflict.
21
Q

If _______ increases conflict may arise.

A
  • ideological differences.
  • For example ASEAN is keen to temper the influence that China has in the region, many are against communism and ASEAN’s creation can be credited to combat the spread of communism in the region.
22
Q

What is the pledge by the EU in regards to poverty?

A
  • The European Semester looks to reduce economic and social exclusivity.
  • They aimed to reduce the numbers of those in poverty.
  • In 2008 there were 120 million people in the EU who were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, the EU aimed to reduce this by taking 20 million people out of poverty by 2020
23
Q

How could it be argued that wealth in the EU is not equally distributed?

A
  • On average the richest 20% of EU households earn 5x that of the poorest 20% households.
  • Although fewer people live in jobless households, their poverty level remains the high or is increasing, reaching 60% in the EU.
24
Q

Example of the EU being an important global actor when it comes to the US.

A

-Negotiated as an equal partner with the US with the signing of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.

25
Q

What happened in 2017 with Japan and the EU?

A

-In 2017 the EU and Japan created the largest free-trade zone in the world, representing 1/3 of the world’s GDP.

26
Q

How has the EU helped with worldwide human rights protection?

Give an example.

A
  • The EU incorporates requirements for human rights protection and democracy in its trade deals.
  • For example with the Cotonou Agreement where 79 countries signed from the developing world.
27
Q

How has the appeal of the free market helped with peace?

A
  • The advantages of the EU free-market has influenced states to get in line with the requirements to join the EU.
  • For example the Balkan States are aspiring members of the EU who have had to commit to peace, democracy and human rights in order to be contenders for membership of the EU.
28
Q

What happened in 2016 with Turkey and the EU?

A

-Turkey agreed to cooperate with the EU in tackling the migrant crisis in return for easier visa entry into the EU and acceleration of Turkey’s EU membership.

29
Q

How does the EU’s lack of identity hinder its effectiveness?

Give examples.

A
  • There is a lot of differentiation in the EU between member states, member states have very different strategic objectives so consensus is difficult to reach.
  • For example there was not a unified agenda against Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Different levels of sanctions with phasing out and not consensus on what economic sanctions should look like.
30
Q

Has there been unified Eu intervention in Syria?

A

-There has not been, however member states such as France and the UK have committed to their own action against Syria.

31
Q

Has the EU been successful in holding China to account for its numerous human rights violations?

A

-The EU has been unsuccessful in its attempts to condemn China. China is a mass supplier of much of the EU countries and as a result relies on product from the country, despite multiple human rights violations.

32
Q

Explain the weakness of the EU when it came to Israel in 2019.

A
  • The Eu denied Israel’s claim to sovereignty over the Golan Heights.
  • However Israel ignored this knowing that they had support of the US.
33
Q

What was the Lisbon Treaty able to do?

When was it?

A
  • The Lisbon Treaty provided the EU with a legal identity and created the permanent position of President of the Council and High Commissioners for Foreign Affairs.
  • As a result the EU now has authority and leadership positions to better represent itself in international relations.
34
Q

How has the African Union helped with poverty?

A
  • Commitment to Sustainable Development Goals.
  • New Partnership for Africa’s development.
  • Ethiopia 10.5% growth

However there is still 422m people still in poverty

35
Q

What are some examples of the AU not dealing with human rights abuses?

A
  • From 2006 to 2016 nine heads of state tried to retain power.
  • There are many states where homosexuality is illegal and some punishable by death, nearly half of the countries where homosexuality is still illegal are in Africa.
36
Q

How has the Arab League failed to protect rights of citizens under its jurisdiction?

A
  • The regional bloc has failed to stop countries supporting the Israeli government over the decision to deprive Palestine of legal independent status.
  • It has also failed to make states implement the Arab Peace Initiative that was launched under the League of of Arab State’s name in 2002.
37
Q

How has the African Union helped resolve conflict?

A
  • The AU has a Peace and Security Council (PSC)
  • They intervene in war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; for example peace missions in places such as Burundi, Sudan, Congo and Malta.
38
Q

Explain how the AU has been effective in changing the mindset of the African Political elite?

A
  • Intervened swiftly in 2007 after violence following elections.
  • Rapidly deployed Operation Democracy in the Comoros in 2008.
39
Q

What are some examples of the AU rallying support for African worldwide political candidates?

A
  • Election of Ethiopia’s Tedros Adhanom as director of the World Health organisation.
  • Election of Rwanda’s Louise Mushikiwabo as Secretary General of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.
40
Q

What was a major distraction for the effectiveness of the AU from 2002 ad 2009?

A

-Gaddafi’s relentless hounding to get it changed to a union government became a serious distraction and major impediment to the implementation of its programmes.

41
Q

What percent of the EU budget is dedicated to a social fund?

A

-10% of the EU budget.

42
Q

By what did the GDP per capita of ASEAN nations increase by from 2007 to 2015?

A

-Increased 63%

43
Q

What is the Schengen Agreement?

A

-Eradicated border control for most European citizens.

44
Q

What are some examples of rising nationalism and xenophobia in Europe?

A
  • Democratic Party in Sweden
  • Freedom Party in the Netherlands
  • Law and Justice in Poland
  • Le Pen in France has shifted French politics to the right.
45
Q

What was the decline in turnouts in EU parliamentary elections?

A
  • 1979; 62% turnout

- 2014; 42% turnout

46
Q

What is the ‘juste retour’ mentality to the EU?

A

-Member states focus on advantage that the EU can bring to the member state rather than the collective advantage.

47
Q

What percent of the global GDP does the EU have?

A

-The EU’s GDP makes up 22% of the world economy. ($18.8 trillion).

48
Q

Why was Greece’s admission to the single currency of the Euro so controversial?

How did this undermine EU effectiveness?

A

-Greece had extensive debt and high public spending which led to the Euro crisis which engulfed much of southern Europe.

-This led to countries such as Portugal, Spain and Italy being forced by the European Central Bank, European Commissions and IMF to cut back on public spending.
This led these countries to have mass unemployment, for example in 2018 unemployment was still 19% and in Spain 16%.

MGZ Politics paper 3 (5 decks)

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