Regional Studies NA Flashcards
1
Q
Turtle Island
A
Term used by some Indigenous peoples to refer to North America. It has cultural and spiritual significance.
2
Q
Taino / Arawak
A
Indigenous people of the Caribbean, including the Bahamas, before the arrival of Christopher Columbus (1492)
3
Q
Pristine Myth
A
False belief that North America was a largely untouched wilderness before European colonization, disregarding the diverse cultures and civilizations that existed.
4
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
Coined in the 19th century.
Description: Belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent, justifying westward expansion and often resulting in the displacement and mistreatment of indigenous peoples.
5
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds, following Columbus’s voyages.
6
Q
Pilgrims arrival
A
Mayflower arrived in New England on November 11, 1620 - Pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, sailed on the Mayflower to establish the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts.
7
Q
Salem Witch Trials
A
Series of hearings and prosecutions in colonial Massachusetts, resulting in the execution of 20 people accused of witchcraft. (1692)
8
Q
Original colonial settlements
A
St. Augustine: Founded in 1565, the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental U.S. by the Spanish in Florida.
Jamestown: Founded in 1607, the first permanent English settlement in North America.
9
Q
Lenght of Indigenous Settlements in America
A
20,000 years approx. Indigenous peoples have diverse histories and cultures in the Americas, with settlements dating back thousands of years before European contact.
10
Q
Anne Hutchinson
A
Puritan dissenter who challenged religious authorities in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, advocating for religious freedom. Banished in 1638. Harvard founded after her.
11
Q
Indentured Servitude
A
Labor system where individuals worked for a specified period in exchange for passage to the New World.
12
Q
Triangle trade
A
Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving the exchange of goods, including slaves.
13
Q
Tobacco
A
Cultivation of this crop in the Southern colonies was highly profitable, driving economic development.
14
Q
AIDS EPIDEMIC
A
Emergence and rapid spread of the HIV/AIDS virus, leading to a global health crisis. Discriminating terms such as Gay Cancer founded the stigma against gay men. (1980s)
15
Q
Audré Lorde
A
Black feminist, lesbian, and poet who addressed issues of race, gender, and sexuality.
16
Q
Lexington & Concord
A
(1775) First battles of the American Revolutionary War, marking the beginning of armed conflict between American colonists and British forces.
17
Q
Name of the first battles of the US Revolutionary (Independence) War
A
Lexington & Concord (1775)
18
Q
Declaration of Independence
A
Document declaring the thirteen American colonies independent from British rule, drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress. (1776)
19
Q
Yorktown Battle
A
Final major battle of the American Revolution, leading to the surrender of British forces and effectively ending the war. (1781)
20
Q
Treaty of Paris
A
(1783) Treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, recognizing the independence of the United States from Great Britain.
21
Q
US-Mexican War
A
1846-1848.
Conflict resulting in the cession of a significant portion of Mexican territory to the U.S. through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
22
Q
Music as protest
A
Music has been a powerful tool for expressing dissent and advocating for social change throughout history, with artists using their platform to address political and social issues. Ex. Hip-hop, jazz, blues.
23
Q
Modern racial injustice protesters
A
Colin Kaepernick: NFL player who took a knee during the national anthem to protest racial injustice and police brutality.
John Carlos and Tommie Smith: Athletes who raised black-gloved fists during the 1968 Olympics medal ceremony as a symbol of Black Power and protest against racial inequality.
24
Q
Colin Kaepernick
A
NFL player who took a knee during the national anthem to protest racial injustice and police brutality.
25
John Carlos and Tommie Smith:
Athletes who raised black-gloved fists during the 1968 Olympics medal ceremony as a symbol of Black Power and protest against racial inequality.
26
US Branches
The U.S. Congress consists of two chambers—the House of Representatives (with 435 seats, representing congressional districts) and the Senate (with 100 seats, two per state).
27
Electoral College
Constitutional system for electing the President and Vice President, where electors from each state vote based on the state's popular vote. The number of electors is determined by the state's representation in Congress.
28
Original native people's towns
Cahokia:
Description: Cahokia was an ancient Native American city located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. It was the largest pre-Columbian settlement in North America, flourishing between the 9th and 15th centuries. Cahokia's most prominent feature is Monk's Mound, a large earthen pyramid.
Mesa Verde:
Description: Mesa Verde is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in southwestern Colorado. It is known for its well-preserved cliff dwellings built by ancestral Puebloan people. These dwellings, such as the Cliff Palace and Balcony House, were constructed in the alcoves of cliffs and provide insights into the life and architecture of ancient indigenous communities.
29
Cahokia
Ancient Native American city located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. It was the largest pre-Columbian settlement in North America, flourishing between the 9th and 15th centuries. Cahokia's most prominent feature is Monk's Mound, a large earthen pyramid.
30
Mesa Verde
UNESCO World Heritage site located in southwestern Colorado. It is known for its well-preserved cliff dwellings built by ancestral Puebloan people. These dwellings, such as the Cliff Palace and Balcony House, were constructed in the alcoves of cliffs and provide insights into the life and architecture of ancient indigenous communities.
31
Indigenous population of the Americas before Columbus
Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Americas were inhabited by diverse indigenous cultures. Estimates suggest a population ranging from 54 to 100 million people. These societies had rich and varied cultures, with advanced agricultural practices, complex social structures, and unique artistic expressions.
32
First slave ship to the US
(1619) The "White Lion" arrived at Point Comfort in the English colony of Virginia. The ship traded enslaved Africans for supplies with the English colonists. This event marked the beginning of the institution of slavery in the English colonies that would later become part of the United States.
33
Virginia Slave Code
(1705)
- Slaves were not allowed to convert to Christianity, reinforcing the idea that they were property rather than people with spiritual agency.
- Interracial Marriage: Interracial marriage, particularly between Africans or African Americans and Europeans, was forbidden, further enforcing racial segregation and hierarchy.
- Harboring Slaves: Harboring or assisting a runaway slave was illegal, with penalties imposed on those who aided escaped individuals.
34
Counter voices to slavery
Bacon's Rebellion (1676):
Description: Bacon's Rebellion was an armed uprising in colonial Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. While not an explicitly anti-slavery movement, it included indentured servants and enslaved Africans fighting against the colonial elite. The rebellion highlighted class tensions and grievances against the ruling class.
Georgia Trustees:
Description: The Georgia Trustees were a group of philanthropists who founded the colony of Georgia in 1732. Initially, they prohibited slavery in Georgia as part of their vision for a colony that would serve as a haven for the poor and indebted. However, economic pressures led to the lifting of the ban in the mid-18th century.
Germantown Quaker Protest (1688):
Description: In 1688, a group of Quakers in Germantown, Pennsylvania, issued a protest against slavery. This Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery is considered one of the earliest recorded protests against slavery in the American colonies. It reflected the Quaker belief in the equality of all individuals.
Stono Rebellion (1739):
Description: The Stono Rebellion was one of the largest slave revolts in the American colonies. In 1739, a group of enslaved Africans in South Carolina rebelled, killing several white colonists and attempting to reach Spanish Florida, where they hoped to find freedom. The rebellion was suppressed, leading to stricter slave codes and restrictions.
35
Bacon's Rebellion
(1676)
Armed uprising in colonial Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. While not an explicitly anti-slavery movement, it included indentured servants and enslaved Africans fighting against the colonial elite. The rebellion highlighted class tensions and grievances against the ruling class.
36
Germantown Quaker Protest
Germantown Quaker Protest (1688):
Petition Against Slavery is considered one of the earliest recorded protests against slavery in the American colonies. It reflected the Quaker belief in the equality of all individuals.
37
Stono Rebellion
(1739):
One of the largest slave revolts in the American colonies. In 1739, a group of enslaved Africans in South Carolina rebelled, killing several white colonists and attempting to reach Spanish Florida, where they hoped to find freedom. The rebellion was suppressed, leading to stricter slave codes and restrictions.
38
Join or Die
Political cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin and published in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1754. The cartoon depicts a snake divided into eight segments, each representing a different American colony. The message was a call for unity among the colonies during the French and Indian War, urging them to join forces against common enemies. It later became a symbol of colonial unity during the American Revolution.
39
Revolutionary War / War of Independence
1775-1783
40
Events that led to the Revolutionary / Independence War
- Boston Massacre 1770:
- Boston Tea Party 1773:
- Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts): 1774
41
Yorktown
1781 - Took place during the American Revolutionary War. It was the last major battle of the war and a decisive victory for the American and French forces, marking a turning point in favor of the Americans
42
Bill of Rights
It refers to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which were ratified on December 15, 1791. These amendments were added to address concerns raised by Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates, who sought to ensure the protection of individual liberties and limit the powers of the federal government.
43
Civil War years:
1861-1865
44
Civil War led up by:
Missouri Compromise (1820)
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" - Stowe (1852)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Harper's Ferry (1859)
Lincoln Elected (1860)
45
Missouri Compromise
1820 - A legislative measure designed to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the Union. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while drawing a line (36°30' parallel) across the Louisiana Territory, stating that slavery would be prohibited north of the line.
46
Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel depicted the harsh realities of slavery and became a powerful abolitionist tool, influencing public opinion and contributing to the growing tensions between the North and South.
47
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Repealed the Missouri Compromise, allowing for the possibility of slavery in territories previously designated as free. It led to violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas, known as "Bleeding Kansas."
48
Dred Scott Decision
1857 - The Supreme Court's decision ruled that enslaved individuals were not considered citizens and had no right to sue for their freedom. Additionally, the decision declared that Congress lacked the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.
49
Harper's Ferry
1859 - John Brown, an abolitionist, led a raid on the federal arsenal at Virginia, with the goal of arming slaves for a rebellion. The raid was unsuccessful, but it heightened sectional tensions.
50
Lincoln Election
1860 - He was elected as the 16th President of the United States. His victory prompted Southern states to secede from the Union, fearing his stance against the expansion of slavery.
51
First Civil War battle
Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. The Union surrendered after a bombardment.
52
Fort Sumter
1861 - A federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. The Union surrendered after a bombardment.
53
Presidents and Generals / Sides of the Civil War
The North, or Union, was led by President Abraham Lincoln, and Ulysses S. Grant was a prominent Union general. The South, or Confederacy, was led by President Jefferson Davis, and General Robert E. Lee was a key military figure.
54
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863)
President Lincoln issued it on January 1, 1863, declaring that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be set free. While it did not immediately free all enslaved individuals, it shifted the war's focus toward the abolition of slavery.
55
Final Civil War battle
Appomattox (April 9, 1865):
56
Appomatox
(April 9, 1865):
General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War on April 9, 1865.
57
Lincoln's assasination
(April 14, 1865):
By John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., just days after the end of the Civil War.
58
Aftermath of Civil War
Lincoln Assassinated (April 14, 1865):
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865, just days after the end of the Civil War.
Founding of the KKK:
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded in 1865 as a white supremacist terrorist organization aimed at intimidating and oppressing African Americans during the Reconstruction era.
Passing of 13th (Slavery Abolished), 14th (Citizenship), 15th Amendments (Right to Vote)
- RECONSTRUCTION
- LOST CAUSE MYTH
- JUNETEENTH
- HARRIET TUBMAN, FREDERICK
DOUGLAS, MARSHALL TAYLOR
59
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment (1868): Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race or color.
60
Civil War reconstruction period
It was the period following the American Civil War, lasting from 1865 to 1877. It aimed to rebuild the Southern states that had seceded from the Union, address the status of freed slaves, and integrate the Southern states back into the Union. It included efforts to establish new state governments, pass civil rights legislation, and address economic and social issues. However, Reconstruction faced significant challenges, including resistance from white supremacists and the rise of discriminatory laws known as the Jim Crow laws.
61
Lost Cause Myth
A narrative that emerged in the post-Civil War South, romanticizing the Confederacy and minimizing the role of slavery as a cause of the war. It portrayed Confederate leaders as noble and Southern society as a victim of Northern aggression. The myth contributed to the justification of segregation and white supremacy during the era of Jim Crow laws.
62
Juneteenth
Short for June 19th, is a holiday commemorating the emancipation of enslaved people in the United States. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas, and announced that all enslaved individuals were free, effectively enforcing the Emancipation Proclamation. Juneteenth is celebrated annually and is recognized as a day to commemorate African American freedom and achievements.
63
Abolitionists / Black activists (after Civil War)
Harriet Tubman:
an African American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, she escaped and subsequently made 19 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people through the Underground Railroad. She later served as a spy, nurse, and scout during the Civil War.
Frederick Douglass was an African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. Born into slavery, he escaped to the North and became a prominent speaker and writer against slavery. Douglass' autobiographies, such as "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass," are powerful accounts of his life and advocacy.
Marshall "Major" Taylor was an African American professional cyclist. Born in 1878, he became the world cycling champion in 1899, making him the first African American to achieve such a feat in any sport. Despite facing racial discrimination, Taylor became a trailblazer and an inspiration for future generations of African American athletes.
64
Harriett Tubman
African American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, she escaped and subsequently made 19 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people through the Underground Railroad. She later served as a spy, nurse, and scout during the Civil War.
65
Frederick Douglas
African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. Born into slavery, he escaped to the North and became a prominent speaker and writer against slavery. Douglass' autobiographies, such as "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass," are powerful accounts of his life and advocacy.
66
Marschall "Major" Taylor
African American professional cyclist. Born in 1878, he became the world cycling champion in 1899, making him the first African American to achieve such a feat in any sport. Despite facing racial discrimination, Taylor became a trailblazer and an inspiration for future generations of African American athletes.
67
Queer protests / events
COOPER DO-NUTS 1959
- NEW YORK ARMY INDUCTION PROTEST 1964
- DEWEYS SIT-INS 1965
- COMPTON CAFETERIA RIOT 1966*
- STONEWALL INN 1969*
- SYLVIA RIVERA AND MARSHA P JOHNSON
68
Compton Cafeteria Riot
1966 - took place in San Francisco's Tenderloin district in 1966. It was a response to police harassment and discrimination against transgender and queer individuals. The riot is considered one of the early transgender protests and predated the more well-known events at the Stonewall Inn.
69
Stonewall
(1969) - a watershed moment in the history of the LGBTQ+ rights movement. It started as a spontaneous protest in response to a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City. The resistance and subsequent demonstrations over several days are often credited as the catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.
70
Stonewall personalities:
Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson were prominent transgender activists and key figures in the Stonewall uprising. They co-founded the Gay Liberation Front and the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), advocating for the rights of transgender and homeless individuals within the LGBTQ+ community.
71
Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson
Prominent transgender activists and key figures in the Stonewall uprising. They co-founded the Gay Liberation Front and the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), advocating for the rights of transgender and homeless individuals within the LGBTQ+ community.
72
Key Queer Figures
- MARSHA P JOHNSON & SYLVIA RIVERA
- HARRY HAY
- BAYARD RUSTIN
- AUDRE LORDE
- JUDITH BUTLER
- CHRIS MOSIER
73
Indian Removal Act
1830 - It authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River. This relocation policy, often referred to as the Trail of Tears, resulted in the displacement and hardship of many Native American communities.
74
Aftermath / events of violence against indigenous peoples
- TRAIL OF TEARS
- SAND CREEK MASSACRE 1864
- FORT SUMNER 1863-66
- LITTLE BIG HORN 1876
- MASSACRE AT WOUNDED KNEE 1890*
75
Trail of Tears
Forced removal of approximately 60,000 Native Americans, including the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes, from their ancestral lands to designated Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) between 1838 and 1839. Thousands died due to exposure, disease, and starvation during this forced migration.
76
Sand Creek Massacre
November 29, 1864, in southeastern Colorado.
Colonel John Chivington led a U.S. Army force in an attack on a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment. The brutal massacre resulted in the deaths of around 150 Native Americans, including women, children, and elderly individuals.
77
Massacre at Wounded Knee
tragic event that took place on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. U.S. Army troops, attempting to disarm a group of Lakota Sioux, opened fire, resulting in the deaths of around 150-300 Native Americans, including women and children. This marked the end of major armed conflicts between the U.S. government and Native American tribes.
78
Residential Schools
- MID 1800S UNTIL MID 1980S (US), 1996 CANADA*
- CULTURAL GENOCIDE
- JASON EAGLESPEAKER, "UNEDUCATION"
79
Important indigenous figures
- Maria Tallchief
- Elizabeth Peratrovich
80
Maria Tallchief
An influential and groundbreaking American ballet dancer of Osage and Scotch-Irish descent. Born in Fairfax, Oklahoma, she became the first Native American prima ballerina and one of the most celebrated dancers of the 20th century.
81
Elizabeth Peratrovich
She was a Native American civil rights activist of Tlingit and Serbian descent. Born on July 4, 1911, in Petersburg, Alaska, she is best known for her pivotal role in advocating for the passage of the Alaska Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945.
82
"I Have a Dream"
Historic speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. King, a prominent civil rights leader, delivered the speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The speech is celebrated for its powerful expression of King's dream of racial equality and justice, emphasizing his vision for a future where individuals are judged by their character rather than the color of their skin.
83
Treatment of MLK Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the American civil rights movement.
He played a key role in advocating for civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.
Nobel Peace Prize:
In 1964, MLK was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in leading the American civil rights movement using nonviolent means to combat racial inequality.
Assassination:
Tragically, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was supporting a sanitation workers' strike.
Legacy:
Martin Luther King Jr.'s legacy extends beyond his assassination, as his ideas and philosophy continue to inspire movements for civil rights and social justice globally.
He is commemorated annually with Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a federal holiday in the United States.
84
Bayard Rustin
He was a key figure in the American civil rights movement and a close advisor to Martin Luther King Jr. He was a proponent of nonviolent resistance and played a crucial role in organizing the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where King delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech.
85
Black Lives Matter
A social movement that originated in the United States and has since gained international recognition. It advocates for the rights and equality of Black individuals, particularly addressing systemic racism, police brutality, and violence against Black communities.
86
George Floyd
He was an African American man whose death during an arrest in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on May 25, 2020, ignited widespread protests and renewed calls for justice and an end to systemic racism.
87
Separate but Equal
Refers to the legal doctrine that was established by the United States Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson. The doctrine allowed for racial segregation as long as the facilities provided to different racial groups were deemed "equal." However, in practice, these facilities were often far from equal, leading to systemic discrimination against Black Americans.
88
Access to (Black) Voting
Persistent issue in the United States, with historical and contemporary challenges disproportionately affecting Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities. Practices such as voter suppression, gerrymandering, and restrictive voter ID laws have been criticized for disproportionately impacting minority voters and diluting their political power.
89
Drug sentencing policies
They have been criticized for disproportionately affecting BIPOC individuals. Mandatory minimum sentences and harsh penalties for drug offenses, particularly related to crack cocaine, have resulted in significant racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Despite similar usage rates, Black individuals are often subjected to more severe sentences than their white counterparts.
90
Violence Against BIPOC
Violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color is a longstanding issue, encompassing various forms of violence, including police brutality, hate crimes, and systemic violence. High-profile cases of police violence, such as the killings of unarmed BIPOC individuals, have sparked protests and movements, like Black Lives Matter, advocating for an end to racial violence, systemic racism, and police brutality.
91
Key events of violence against BIPOC
TULSA RACE MASSACRE 1921
BRUCE’S BEACH 1924
EMMETT TILL’S MURDER 1955
92
18th Amendment
Also known as Prohibition, went into effect on January 17, 1920. It prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The Prohibition era led to the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution, speakeasies, and organized crime. The amendment was later repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.
93
19th Amendment
It was ratified on August 18, 1920. It granted women the right to vote, a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement. The amendment states: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." The ratification of the 19th Amendment marked a crucial step toward gender equality in the United States.
94
21st Amendment
Ratified on December 5, 1933, repealed the 18th Amendment and effectively ended Prohibition in the United States. It was the only constitutional amendment to be ratified for the explicit purpose of repealing another amendment. The 21st Amendment returned the regulation of alcoholic beverages to the states, allowing them to determine their own liquor laws. Repealing Prohibition had significant social and economic implications, bringing an end to the era of illegal alcohol production and distribution.
95
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, between the United States and Mexico, concluding the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty played a significant role in shaping the territorial boundaries of the United States and Mexico and had far-reaching consequences for both nations.
96
Elections in the US
Every 4 years
97
Howard Zinn
Best known for his influential work "A People's History of the United States." The book provides an alternative perspective on U.S. history, focusing on the experiences of marginalized and oppressed groups rather than traditional narratives centered on political and economic elites.
98
Declaration of Sentiments
1848 - "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal" - Elizabeth Stanton
99
March: Book
The trilogy recounts the life of John Lewis, a prominent civil rights leader and congressman, focusing on his experiences in the American Civil Rights Movement, including the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the Selma to Montgomery marches.
100
They Called Us Enemy
Graphic memoir by George Takei, known for his role in Star Trek. The book recounts Takei's experience as a child during World War II when he and his family were interned in U.S. internment camps for Japanese Americans. It explores themes of racism, civil rights, and resilience.
101
UNeducation
Author: Jason Eaglespeaker (Blackfoot and Duwamish)
102
Residential Schools
Start: Late 19th Century
The establishment of residential schools in Canada and the United States began in the late 19th century. The Canadian government implemented the residential school system in the 1880s, modeled after similar institutions in the United States.
End: Late 20th Century
The last residential school in Canada, the Gordon Residential School in Saskatchewan, closed in 1996. In the United States, the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 marked a shift away from the assimilationist policies that supported residential schools.
103
Suffragists:
Elizabeth Stanton
Sojourner Truth
Lucretia Mott
104
Elizabeth Stanton
Leading figure in the early women's rights movement in the United States. Born in New York, Stanton played a pivotal role in advocating for women's suffrage and equal rights. She, along with Susan B. Anthony, organized the first Women's Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, where the famous Declaration of Sentiments was presented. Stanton worked tirelessly for women's rights throughout her life and was a key contributor to the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.
105
Sojourner Truth
African American woman born into slavery in New York. She escaped to freedom in 1826 and became a prominent abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth is best known for her powerful speeches, including the famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech delivered at the Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. In addition to her advocacy for women's rights, Truth fought against slavery and for the rights of Black individuals. Her contributions to both the abolitionist and women's suffrage movements have left an enduring legacy.
106
Hoovervilles
Makeshift communities of homeless people that emerged during the Great Depression in the United States. These shantytowns were named after President Herbert Hoover, who was in office when the economic collapse occurred. Individuals who lost their homes and jobs during the Great Depression constructed these settlements using whatever materials they could find, often consisting of cardboard, tar paper, and scrap wood. Hoovervilles were prevalent in major cities, providing a stark visual representation of the widespread poverty and economic hardship during the 1930s.
107
Great Depression
Severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued throughout the 1930s. It was triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which led to a collapse of the global economy. The Great Depression was characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, a sharp decline in industrial production, and a significant reduction in international trade. The economic hardships affected individuals and families on a massive scale, leading to Hoovervilles, breadlines, and a general sense of despair.
108
Harlem
Neighborhood located in the northern section of Manhattan, New York City. It became a significant cultural and artistic hub during the early 20th century, particularly during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement that celebrated Black culture and produced a flourishing of literature, music, art, and intellectual thought. Harlem played a central role in the development of African American arts and culture during this period, contributing to the broader cultural landscape of the United States. Today, Harlem remains a culturally rich and diverse neighborhood with a vibrant history.
109
Boston Massacre engraving
Famous image created by artist Paul Revere, a prominent figure in American history and a key figure in the American Revolution. The engraving depicts the events of the Boston Massacre, a crucial incident that occurred on the evening of March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts, which heightened tensions between the American colonists and British authorities.
110
Characteristic of Hip-Hop
- 50 years old
- Graffiti, breakdance, rap, Djing
- Diverse, Political!
- 5th element: KNOWLEDGE
111
Indigenous Hip-Hop singer:
JB The First Lady (Nuxalk & Onondaga)
112
Prohibition period
1920 - 1933
113
The New Deals
Series of programs, policies, and reforms implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States during the 1930s in response to the economic challenges of the Great Depression. The New Deal aimed to provide relief to those suffering from the economic hardships, reform the financial system to prevent future crises, and stimulate economic recovery. It marked a significant shift in the role of the federal government in addressing economic and social issues.
114
Civil Rights Acts
1964 - 1968 (End seggregation and guarantee Black vote, Housing)
115
Abbigail Addams
Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States, she was indeed a notable figure in American history.
"I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation."
116
Executive Order 9066
Authorized the forced relocation and internment of over 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States during World War II. The order was a response to fears of espionage and sabotage following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
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Edmund Pettus Bridge
Historic bridge located in Selma, Alabama, USA. The bridge is known for its significance in the American civil rights movement and, in particular, the events that unfolded during the Selma to Montgomery marches. Named after a KKK leader, Alabama refused to change its name to John Lewis. (March of 1965 in book)
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Chapters read for the Übung:
- COLUMBUS, THE INDIANS, AND HUMAN PROGRESS by Howard
Zinn
- Halloween and Día de Muertos
- Between the world and me by Ta-Nehisi Coates
- "The intimately Oppressed by Zinn
- Susan Stryker Transgender History: "Prologue"
- "Slavery without Submission, Emancipation Without freedom” by Zinn
- "Or does it explode?" by Zinn
- March
- They Called Us Enemy
- UNEducation
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"Or does it explode?"
* article explores the African American experience during the mid-20th century
* Focusing on the literary, political, and social dimensions of the Civil Rights movement
* Non-violent protests
* Struggle and fight for equal rights
- references Langston Hughes' poem
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"The Intimately Oppressed"
- Article explores the history of women’s oppression, marginalization, female ideals,
expectations and the origins of the feminist movement in the US
* Discrimination and racism adds up: Black woman even more marginalized
* Reduction of women to simply being "child bearer
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