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Supplementary ANAT1019 Revision Content > REGIONAL CONTENT > Flashcards

REGIONAL CONTENT Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the arthrology of the 3 shoulder joints

A

Glenohumeral (GHJ) = synovial ball and socket
Acromioclavicular (ACJ) = synovial plane
Sternoclavicular (SCJ) = synovial saddle

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2
Q

Describe Conjunct Rotation

A

A consequence of ligament tightening

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3
Q

Describe a Clavicle Fracture

A

Most common in middle 1/3

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4
Q

Describe a Scaphoid Fracture

A

Most common carpal fracture

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5
Q

Describe Nutation

A
  • base of sacrum moves anteriorly and inferiorly, relative to ilium
  • anterior tilt
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6
Q

Describe Counternutation

A
  • base of sacrum moves posteriorly and superiorly, relative to ilium
  • posterior tilt
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7
Q

Describe Femoral Anteversion

A
  • from a superior view point
  • line through back of femoral condyles and line through the neck of femur > where they intersect is the angle
  • normal = 15 degrees
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8
Q

Describe the Femoral Angle of Inclination

A
  • angle of inclination of neck of femur, relative to shaft of femur
  • normal = 125 degrees
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9
Q

Describe Coxa Valga

A
  • angle of inclination greater than 125 degrees

- decreases bending moment

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10
Q

Describe Coxa Vara

A
  • angle of inclination less than 125 degrees

- increases bending moment

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11
Q

Describe how GLUTEUS MAXIMUS has multiple actions for different segments

A

Superior portion = abduction
Inferior portion = adduction
Both = hip extension

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12
Q

Describe how GLUTEUS MEDIUS has multiple actions for different positions

A

In 0 degrees flexion (anatomical position)

  • anterior compartment = medial rotation
  • middle & posterior compartment = lateral rotation

In flexion

  • anterior compartment = medial rotation
  • middle & posterior compartment = medial rotation
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13
Q

Describe the actions of ADDUCTOR MAGNUS

A

From 0 degrees flexion to 90 degrees flexion

= hip extension

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14
Q

Describe how ADDUCTOR LONGUS AND BREVIS have multiple actions for different positions

A

In 0 degrees flexion = hip flexion

In 90 degrees flexion = hip extension

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15
Q

Describe the 3 major points of the SCREW HOME MECHANISM

A
  • length of femoral condyles: longer articular surface on medial femoral condyle which facilitates the screw home mechanism
  • when extending, the lateral femoral condyle completes it articular surface while the medial femoral condyle is longer, so it keeps going past its articular surface, causing internal rotation of femur on tibia
  • the screw home mechanism provides stability in standing by tightening ligaments
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16
Q

Describe Menisci: Tibial plateau vs. femoral condyles

A

Tibial plateau

  • relatively flat
  • posterior slope in standing : provides some resistance to anterior translation of femur on tibia

Femoral Condyles
- flat on midportion but predominately round

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17
Q

Describe Menisci: Function

A
  • increase congruency/ contact area between femoral condyles and tibial plateau
  • same force over greater area = decreased stress
  • protects underlying articular cartilage
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18
Q

Describe Menisci: Medial meniscus

A
  • medial meniscus is longer with expanded posterior horn
  • despite its larger size, the medial meniscus provides less coverage to tibial plateau
  • medial meniscus does most weight bearing and has hi[-knee 1 degree varus, creating varus moment and further increasing force on medial side
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19
Q

Describe the Mechanical Axis

A
  • represents load bearing axis
  • measured from centre of femoral head to centre of talus
  • normal mechanical axis = 179 degrees or 1 degree varus
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20
Q

Describe the Anatomical Axis

A
  • represents a line through anatomical components
  • line through shaft of femur and line through shaft of tibia
  • intersecting angle (normal) = 5 degree genu valgus
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21
Q

Describe a Navicular Stress Fracture

A
  • most common tarsal bone to fracture
  • central zone of hypovascularity
  • medial and lateral compressive forces through 1st and 2nd ray > maximum tensile load = central 1/3
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22
Q

Describe the components of the Medial Longitudinal Arch of foot

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, MT 1-3 and rays 1-3

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23
Q

Describe the components of the Lateral Longitudinal Arch of foot

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, MTs and phalanges

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24
Q

Describe the components of the Transverse Arch of the foot

A

MTs and cuneiforms

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25
Q

Describe 4 functions of the arches of the foot

A
  • protect tendons and neuromuscular structures
  • energy return and shock distribution for running
  • stability to bones
  • allows deformable feet for walking
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26
Q

Describe the 5 aspects of Global Foot Motion

A 
DF/PF = in sagittal plane
Abduction/Adduction = in transverse plane
Eversion/Inversion = in coronal plane
Pronation= Eversion + Abduction + DF
Supination= Inversion + Adduction + PF
27
Q

Describe the effect of IV disc height to vertebral body height ratio on movement

A
  • if high = high mobility/ low stability

- taller IV discs allows more movements as the bony vertebral bodies are less able to limit movement

28
Q

Describe the effect of the height of superior articular processes on movement

A
  • high superior articular processes limit flexion

especially in the thoracic region

29
Q

Describe the effect of Z-joint orientation on movement on the CERVICAL region

A
  • transverse plane

- allows all movements

30
Q

Describe the effect of Z-joint orientation on movement on the THORACIC region

A
  • coronal plane
  • resists anterior translation, flexion, extension
  • allows axial rotation, lateral flexion
31
Q

Describe the effect of Z-joint orientation on movement on the LUMBAR region

A
  • sagittal plane
  • resists axial rotation
  • allows flexion, extension and lateral flexion
32
Q

Describe the Vertebral body in weight-bearing

A
  • vertical and horizontal struts (trabeculae) within the vertebral bodies allows them to withstand compressive forces
  • vertical trabeculae is thicker due to weight-bearing role and horizontal trabeculae prevents vertebral body from bowing
33
Q

Describe the IV discs of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

Nucleus pulposus (NP) in centre

  • majority (90%) water
  • deteriorate and dry-out with age

NP is surrounded by concentric layers of annulus fibrosus

  • 10 to 20 concentric layers
  • collagen type 1 fibres: all go in one direction
  • half of the layers run vertically to right and half to left (adjacent layers alternate)

Vertebral Endplates

  • begins as vertebral structure: hyaline cartilage on superior and inferior aspect
  • becomes more incorporated into annulus fibrosus
34
Q

Describe the IV disc role in weight-bearing

A
  • nucleus pulposus in incompressible
  • vertical compression of nucleus pulposus (decrease vertical height)
  • expands radially and exerts pressure on annular fibres
  • annular fibres contain collagen which resists tension
  • annular fibres exert pressure back on nucleus pulposus
  • nucleus pulposus and annular fibres share the load
  • pressure exerted onto vertebral endplates
  • transmits load to inferior vertebrae
35
Q

Describe the IV disc role in facilitating movement

A
  • the intervertebral disc interposed between two flat articular surfaces permits rocking of superior vertebrae and allows the compromise of movement and stability
  • deformation of the intervertebral disc contributes to intervertebral motion
  • high intervertebral disc height to vertebral body height ratio allows high mobility
36
Q

Describe the IV disc role in resisting movement

A
  • collagen fibres in annulus fibrosus resist tension

- in F, E, and LF the compression of intervertebral discs leads to restriction of these movements

37
Q

Describe PARS INTERARTICULARIS and its defect

A

Pars interarticularis = lamina between articular processes

defect:
- stress fracture can occur from landing in extension
- bilateral fracture can cause vertebral body to slide anteriorly

38
Q

Describe the 3 column weight transmission in lower cervical spine

A

36% = through vertebral bodies and discs

2 x 32% = through Z-joints on lateral sides of vertebral column

39
Q

Describe the vertebral artery

A
  • travels through transverse foramen from C1 to C6

- vertebral artery does NOT travel through transverse foramen, but instead behind it

40
Q

Describe the smaller, deeper axial muscles

A
  • close to joint and cross fewer joints = segmental control

- rich muscle spindles = proprioceptive role and segmental control

41
Q

Describe the larger, superficial axial muscles

A
  • greater PCSA, greater moment arms (leverage) = produce movements
42
Q

Describe 5 things that cause LUMBAR LORDOSIS

A
  1. Sacrum is titled anteriorly
  2. L5/S1 IV disc is wedge-shaped
  3. L5 vertebra similarly wedge-shaped
  4. Superior vertebra inclines slightly backwards
  5. L1 aligned vertically over S1
43
Q

Describe the role of the Iliolumbar Ligament

A
  • located between transverse processes of L5 to ilium
  • resists L5 slipping anteriorly on sacrum
  • resists all movements of L5 on sacrum
44
Q

Describe the structure & function of longissimus pars thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis

A

> Prime extensors of thoracolumbar spine due to:

  • large PCSA
  • large posterior moment arm
  • crosses many segments

Unilateral action= LF
Bilateral action = E

45
Q

Describe the structure and function of longissimus thoracis pars lumborum and iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

A

Unilateral action= vertical line of action = LF
Bilateral action= vertical line of action = E
horizontal line of action= posterior shear

46
Q

Describe the structure and function of Multifidus

A

Lateral view:
vertical line of action = E and maintains lumbar lordosis

Posteror view:
small horizontal line of action = axial rotation

47
Q

List the things innervated by Sympathetic Trunk and Grey Rami Communicantes

A

Nerve structure = anterior vertebral plexus

Innervates:

  • anterior outer annulus fibrosus
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • anterior vertebral periosteum
48
Q

List the things innervated by Sinuvertebral Nerve of Ventral Rami

A

Nerve structure = posterior vertebral plexus

Innervates:

  • posterior outer annulus fibrosus
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior vertebral periosteum
  • anterior/ventral/lateral dura and nerve root sleeves
49
Q

List the things innervated by Dorsal Rami

A

Medial Branch:

  • Z joints
  • interspinales, rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis

Intermediate Branch:
- longissimus

Lateral Branch:
- erector spinae group (apart form longissimus)

50
Q

Describe the actions of PSOAS MAJOR

A
  • hip flexor

- also, by flexing the hip it automatically comprises the lumbar spine motion segments leading to stability

51
Q

Describe the actions of QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

A
  • primarily a stabiliser

- large moment arm for lateral flexion

52
Q

Describe the action of RECTUS ABDOMINIS

A
  • trunk flexion
53
Q

Describe the action of TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

A
  • increases IAP
54
Q

Describe the anterior and middle layers of thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • attach to lumbar transverse processes
  • envelope quadratus lumborum
  • posterior attachment for transversus abdominis and internal oblique
55
Q

Describe the posterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • attaches to thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinous processes
  • encloses erector spinae group
  • laterally fuses with middle layer
  • blends with: erector spinae aponeurosis, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus
56
Q

Describe the relationship between muscular co-contraction and stiffening of vertebral motion segment

A
  • contraction of muscles that act across vertebral motion segments improves compression across that joint making it more difficult to move joint = increases stability
57
Q

Describe the role of thoracolumbar fascia attachments

A
  • extensive muscular attachments into the thoracolumbar fascia which then attach to lumbar transverse and spinous process = motion segment stability
58
Q

Describe the role of the diaphragm in respiration and stability

A

= contraction of diaphragm pulls central tendon inferiorly

- in respiration (when abdominal muscles are contracted) = increase IAP

59
Q

Describe the relationship between IAP and stiffness of lumbar spine

A
  • increased IAP leads to increased extensor moment and increased force required to flex spine in lumbar region
    therefore, increased IAP leads to spinal stability by stiffening lumbar spine
60
Q

Describe the relationship between the pelvic floor muscles and trunk/spinal stability

A
  • pelvic floor resists inferior protrusion when IAP increases
  • IAP stabilises the vertebral column by creating force around the vertebral column
61
Q

Describe the relationship between increased IAP and stability of lumbar spine

A
  • increased IAP = more stability and support for trunk
  • this results in increased extensor moment and increased force required to flex spine
  • when IAP increases, it creates force surrounding the vertebral column, causing it to stiffen
62
Q

Describe the relationship between abdominal muscle co-contraction and stability of lumbar spine

A
  • one muscle contraction bilaterally or a muscle and its antagonist contracting simultaneously = this compresses lumbar spine, resulting in stability
63
Q

Describe the role of thoracolumbar fascia and stability of lumbar spine

A
  • when certain muscles contract and swell, the surrounding fascia tenses, increasing stability by resisting flexion and/or producing extensor moment

Supplementary ANAT1019 Revision Content (2 decks)

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