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anatomy and physiology > regional and directional terms > Flashcards

regional and directional terms Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

toward the head end or upper part of a sttructure or the body; above

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2
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below

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3
Q

anterior

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

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4
Q

posterior

A

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

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5
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

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6
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

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7
Q

proximal

A

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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8
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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9
Q

superficial

A

toward or at the body surface

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10
Q

deep

A
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11
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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12
Q

plane

A

imaginary line through the bodys 3 dimensions or an organ

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12
Q

section

A

a cut through a body wall or organ

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13
Q

sagittal section

A

a cut made along the lengthwise, plane of the body. right and left parts

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14
Q

midsagittal (median) section

A

cut made down the median plane. right and left parts are equal

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15
Q

frontal (coronal) section

A

a cut made along lengthwise that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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16
Q

transverse (cross) section

A

a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

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17
Q

eye

A

orbital

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18
Q

armpit

A

axillary

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19
Q

thigh

A

femoral

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20
Q

genitals

A

pubic

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21
Q

chest

A

thoracic

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22
Q

groin

A

inguinal

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

neck

A

cervical

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24
Q

below the ribs

A

abdominal

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25
Q

ankle

A

tarsal

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26
Q

hip

A

coxal

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27
Q

wrist

A

carpal

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28
Q

navel

A

umbilical

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29
Q

breastbone

A

sternal

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30
Q

point of shoulder

A

acromial

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31
Q

front of the elbow

A

antecubital

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32
Q

back of the knee

A

popliteal

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33
Q

spine

A

vertebral

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34
Q

head

A

cephalic

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34
Q

back of the head

A

occipital

35
Q

calf

A

sural

36
Q

buttock

A

gluteal

37
Q
A
37
Q
A
38
Q

shoulder blade

A

scapular

38
Q

curve of the shoulder

A

deltoid

39
Q

back of the elbow

A

olecranal

40
Q

heel of the foot

A

calcaneal

41
Q

area between the hips

A

sacral

42
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain

43
Q

spinal cavity

A

spinal cord

44
Q

thoracic cavity

A

lungs ,heart, trachea, diaphragm

45
Q

abdominal cavity

A

stomach, liver, intestines

46
Q

pelvic cavity

A

reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

47
Q

gross anatomy vs microscopic anatomy

A

study or large body structures vs structures that can only be seen under a microscope

48
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the body parts work or function

49
Q

what elements make up loving organisms

A

Carbon
hydrogen
Oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous

50
Q

4 types of molecules

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

51
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

52
Q

Integmentary system

A

external covering, waterproofs, protects, excretes salt and urea in sweat, REGULATES BODY TEMP, houses temp, pressure, pain, receptors

53
Q

Skeletal

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
supports the body, provides framework for movement, protects underlying structures, bloodcell fomation, stores minerals

54
Q

muscular

A

muscles-cardiac, smooth skeletal
contract and shorten for movement

55
Q

endocrine

A

endocrine glands produce hormones, SLOW MOVING control of body activities, hormones regulate other body structures/ functions

55
Q

nervous

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
FAST ACTING control system, RESPONDS TO IRRITANTS/ STIMULI, send messages to brain and responds by activating effectors

56
Q

cardiovascular

A

transport system, heart and blood vessels, carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to/ from tissue cells via blood, protect body from foreighn invaders

57
Q

lymphatic

A

transport system via lymph, lymph vessels, nodes, and organs. return leaked fluid from blood to blood vessels, circulating blood, house immunity cells, cleanse blood, contains white blood cells, imune system

58
Q

respiratory

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. SUPPLIES BODY WITH OXYGEN AND RIDS OF CARDON DIOXIDE. oxygen required for cellular respiration to make atp/energy. gas exgchanged in lungs

59
Q

digestive system

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, rectum.
BREAKS DOWWN FOOD AND DELIVERS PRODUCTS TO BLOOD DOR DISPERSAL TO BODY CELLS. undigested food leaves body as feces

60
Q

urinary

A

kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra. removes nitrogen-containing wastes from blood and flushes from body via urine. maintains electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood

61
Q

reproductive

A

to produce offspring

62
Q

maintaining bounderies

A

“inside” remain distinct from “outside”
ex: cell membrane, skin

63
Q

movement

A

muscular system. propelling, walking, swimming, manipulating
skeletal system acts as levers, provides bones for muscles to pull on to work.
blood, food, urine propelled through internal organs

64
Q

responsiveness

A

nervous system: cell nerves, rapid communication via electrical impulses. ability to sence changes (stimuli) in environment and react
neuron ( main cell of nervous system- have irritability

65
Q

digestion

A

digestive system, breaks down ingested food to simple molecules for blood absorbed and delivery to body cells

66
Q

metabolism

A

digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine systems
chemical reactions within body cells
breakind down of complex substances into building blocks
nutrients and oxygen produce ATP(power for cells)

67
Q

excretion

A

digestive, urinary systems
removes waste from body
respiratory system removes waste

68
Q

reproduction

A

produce offspring
cellular and organism levels (mitosis and meiosis)

69
Q

growth

A

increase in size, usually due to an increase of cells (by mitosis and meiosis

70
Q

nutrients

A

taken in via diet
contain chemicals for energy, building, and repair cells
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins

71
Q

Oxygen

A

required for release of energy from food in chemical reactions
20% of air breathed
available in blood and body cells due to respiratory and cardiovascular systems

72
Q

water

A

60-80 percent of body weight
MOST ABUNDANT CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IN BODY
provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions
obtained via ingested food/liquids
lost via evaporation in lungs and skin and body excretions

73
Q
A
74
Q

body temperature

A

maintained at 98 degree
if to low metabolic reactions slow and stop
if too high chemical reactions speed up and body proteins break down
body heat generated by skeletal muscle work

75
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

force exerted on body surface by weight of air
breathing depends on it

76
Q

homeostasis

A

bodys ability to maintain relitively stable internal conditions
state of equilibrium
internal conditions change and vary within narrow limits
2 control systems: nervous and endocrine regulate

77
Q

effector

A

provides control center response to stimulus

78
Q

afferent pathway

A

flow of info from receptor to control center (approches)

79
Q

feedback

A

response; influence the stimuli

80
Q

efferent pathway

A

flow of info from control center to effector (exits)

81
Q

negative feedback

A

net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off or reduce intensity of the original stimulus

82
Q

positive feedback

A

increases the original disturbence (stimulus); pushes variable farther from original value
ex: blood clotting, birth- contractions happening more and more

83
Q

anatomical position

A

erect body
feet parallel
arms hanging at side, palms dacing foreward

84
Q
A

anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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