Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

life cycles test 1 > regional anatomy of pelvis > Flashcards

regional anatomy of pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

components of the Os Coxa

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

know the following structures: ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest, auricular surface, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, ischiopubic ramus, pubic symphysis, obturator foramen

A

ilium: superior. Ischium: posterior. Pubis: anterior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Know the following ligaments: sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, obturator membrane

A

sacrotuberous: From ischial tuberosity to sacrum/coccyx. Sacrospinous: From ischial spine to sacrum/coccyx, deep to the sacrotuberous lig. Obturator: covers most of obturator foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where do the following nerves exit? Pudendal, obturator

A

pudendal n: deep to the sacrotuberous ligament and superficial to the sacrospinous ligament. Obturator: Through the obturator foramen, superior to the obturator membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where do the following vessels exit? Internal pudendal a and v, obturator a and v.

A

internal pudendal a and v: deep to the sacrotuberous ligament and superficial to sacrospinous ligament. Obturator a and v: Through the obturator foramen, superior to the obturator membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Describe the weak areas of the pelvic bones that are the most commonly fractured
A
  1. pubic rami: risk during AP compression 2. acetabulum: risk during fall on feet from a tall height which drives head of femur into acetabulum. Also lateral compression of pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

clinical implications of the pubo-obturator fracture

A

high risk of complication due to damage to urinary bladder and urethra which may be torn or ruptured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

straddle injury

A

(fracture of all 4 pubic rami) causes serious loss of pelvic stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pelvic inlet vs outlet

A

Inlet: superior border of pelvis. Outlet: bounded by coccyx, inferior pubis and ischial tuberosities. Funnel shaped. The true pelvis lies between the pelvic inlet and outlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

true vs false pelvis

A

True: btw pelvic inlet and outlet. Contains pelvic viscera of obstetrical and gynecological importance and its contents are supported inferiorly by pelvic diaphragm. False: bounded by iliac blades and S1 vertebrae, anterolateral abdominal wall. superior to pelvic inlet. contains abdominal viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what/where is the pelvic diaphragm and what does it do

A

muscles at the inferior aspect of the lesser/true pelvis. Separates true pelvis from perineum (below). Maintains tonic contraction most of the time to support pelvic viscera and maintain urinary/fecal continence. Actively contracted during forced expiration, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

A

Coccygeus (posterior- from sacrum, coccyx and sacrospinous ligament to ischial spine), and levator ani (surrounds urogenital hiatus and anus, spanning from pubis to ischial spine, also attaching to tendinous arch of obturator fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the muscles of levator ani

A

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus. All 3 meet at midline raphe and anococcygeal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

grading of pelvic floor injuries during childbirth

A

Grade 1 superficial tissues, Grade 2 involves some tearing of muscles, Grade 3 tear extends to anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common inuries during child birth

A

In Grade 2+ tears, Pubococcygeus and puborectalis parts of Levator Ani are most commonly torn, along with more superficial tissues of perineum, b/c more medially positioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

-Follow the trajectory of sperm from production (testes) to ejaculation (navicular fossa, head of penis)

A

testes > epidiymis > ductus deferens > seminal glands > ejaculatory duct > prostate > bulbourethral glands > urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

parasympathetic vs sympathetic innervation of penile structures

A

PSNS: penile erection (S2-S4). SNS: ejaculation- trigger contractions of ductus deferens, contraction/secretion from seminal glands and prostate (L1-L2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe descnt of the testes

A

developing testes are extraperitoneal in superior lumbar region of posterior abdomen and are connected to anterolateral wall (deep inguinal ring area) by gubernaculum. At 28 weeks, the processus vaginalis (a peritoneal diverticulum) traverses the inguinal canal to the developing scrotum carrying layers of muscle and fascia with it. The testes follow the processus through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. During this migration through Canal, the testes, its duct, vessels and nerves become ensheathed in layers from the abdominal wall
developing testes are extraperitoneal in superior lumbar region of posterior abdomen and are connected to anterolateral wall (deep inguinal ring area) by gubernaculum. At 28 weeks, the processus vaginalis (a peritoneal diverticulum) traverses the inguinal canal to the developing scrotum carrying layers of muscle and fascia with it. The testes follow the processus through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. During this migration through Canal, the testes, its duct, vessels and nerves become ensheathed in layers from the abdominal wall
developing testes are extraperitoneal in superior lumbar region of posterior abdomen and are connected to anterolateral wall (deep inguinal ring area) by gubernaculum. At 28 weeks, the processus vaginalis (a peritoneal diverticulum) traverses the inguinal canal to the developing scrotum carrying layers of muscle and fascia with it. The testes follow the processus through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. During this migration through Canal, the testes, its duct, vessels and nerves become ensheathed in layers from the abdominal wall
developing testes are extraperitoneal in superior lumbar region of posterior abdomen and are connected to anterolateral wall (deep inguinal ring area) by gubernaculum. At 28 weeks, the processus vaginalis (a peritoneal diverticulum) traverses the inguinal canal to the developing scrotum carrying layers of muscle and fascia with it. The testes follow the processus through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. During this migration through Canal, the testes, its duct, vessels and nerves become ensheathed in layers from the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the gubernaculum and processus vaginalis

A

-Gubernaculum degenerates, and stalk of Processus Vaginalis degenerates, but the distal expansion remains as the Tunica Vaginalis, the serous sheath of the testis & epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

structure of tunica vaginalis

A

peritoneal sac surrounding the testes. Visceral layer next to testes and parietal layer internal to the internal spermatic fascia. Between the layers are serous fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the layers of the scrotum from outside to in

A

dartos > external spermatic fascia > cremaster muscle > external spermatic fascia > parietal tunica vaginalis > visceral tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes. Often unilateral, prevalence ~3% full term births, often self-resolves. Testis may be lodged anywhere along normal course of descent- abdominal, inguinal, prescrotal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

components of the external sac of the testes

A

heavily pigmented skin and dartos fascia internally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of the dartos fascia

A

contains fibers of the dartos muscle and forms septum of scrotum, dividing the sac. Continues anteriorly with scarpa fascia and posteriorly with colles fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of dartos muscle

A

contracts skin of scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tunica albuginea

A

Tough outer surface of testes. Extends internally as fibrous septa btw lobules of seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

Long, highly coiled tubes in which sperm are produced
Joined to the Rete Testis by Straight TubulesLong, highly coiled tubes in which sperm are produced
Joined to the Rete Testis by Straight TubulesLong, highly coiled tubes in which sperm are produced
Joined to the Rete Testis by Straight TubulesLong, highly coiled tubes in which sperm are produced
Joined to the Rete Testis by Straight Tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

rete testis

A

Collects sperm from the tubules. Passes them to Efferent Ductules, which transports the sperm to the epididymis

29
Q

Epididymis

A

posterior side of testes. Convoluted duct with 3 regions: head > body > tail.

30
Q

contents of spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens, testicular artery (from abd aorta), pampiniform venous plexus, artery of ductus deferens, vestige of processus vaginalis, plus other smaller structures: cremasteric artery, autonomic fibers, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, lymphatic vessels

31
Q

coverings of spermatic cord

A

internal spermatic fascia (from transversalis fascia), cremasteric fascia (containing cremaster muscle, from fascia of internal oblique muscle), and external spermatic fascia (from aponeurosis and fascia of external oblique muscle)

32
Q

testicular torsion- what is it, most common cause, Sx

A

Spermatic cord becomes twisted superior to upper pole of testis. Most commonly linked to congenital malformation of the Processus Vaginalis permitting more movement of cord/testis. Sx: edema (venous drainage is obstructed), blockage of arterial blood supply, necrosis

33
Q

varicocele- what is it, what causes it

A

Abnormal enlargements (dilations) of the pampiniform plexus of veins in the spermatic cord. Causes: : Incompetent or absent valves within the testicular veins, enlarged lymph nodes/ masses in retroperitoneum block testicular veins (painful), or Nutcracker syndrome ((impingement of Lt renal v. between superior mesenteric a. and aorta, may cause backflow into Lt testicular v)

34
Q

function of seminal glands

A

-secrete thick alkaline fluid w/ fructose (nutrient for the sperm) and a coagulant

35
Q

function of prostate

A

-secrete prostatic fluid that makes up ~20% of semen by volume, play a role in activating sperm

36
Q

Parts of the male urethra

A

bladder > intramural urethra > prostatic urethra > membranous urethra > spongy/penile urethra > navicular fossa > external urethral orifice

37
Q
  1. Explain why an enlarging prostate (as in benign prostatic hypertrophy) often leads to urinary symptoms
A

Enlarging prostate projects into bladder, distorts and compresses prostatic urethra. Impedes urination. May lead to nocturia, dysuria and urgency. Increases risk of bladder infections

38
Q

function of bulbourethral glands

A

produces a mucus-like secretion during sexual arousal. Embedded in external urethral sphincter

39
Q

what is the prostatic utricle

A

Remnant of the Mullerian ducts. A short blind pouch projecting posteriorly between the ejaculatory ducts. Located between the openings of the ejaculatory ducts

40
Q

know the location of bladder, uterus, rectum relative to eachother in female

A

uterus is superior to bladder, anterior to rectum. The uterus is inferior to the peritoneum creating the vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine pouch

41
Q

what connects the ovaries to the uterus

A

ovarian ligament- remnant of upper gubernaculum

42
Q

parts of the fallopian tubes

A

ovary > infundibulum (have fimbriae) > ampulla (where fertilization happens) > isthmus > uterus

43
Q

layers of uterus

A

perimetrium (external wall), myometrium (smooth muscle, distends during pregnancy and contracts during labor, assists in menstruation cramps), and endometrium (layer where blastocyst implants, shed monthly)

44
Q

Broad ligament of uterus

A

double layer of peritoneum which acts as a mesentery for uterus. Consists of mesovarium (suspends ovaries), mesosalpinx (surrounds uterine tubes), and mesometrium ( inferior to the other 2 parts and acts as a mesentery for uterus)

45
Q

ovarian ligament

A

Tethers the ovary to the uterus medially, just inferior to the entrance of the uterine tube

46
Q

suspensory ligament of ovary

A

Peritoneal fold, becomes continuous w/ mesovarium. Contains ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

47
Q

round ligament of uterus

A

Also a remnant of gubernaculum. Ataches to uterus near junction of uterine tube and the labia majora via inguinal canal

48
Q

cardinal ligaments

A

aka transverse cervical ligaments- Supravaginal cervix + lateral vagina to lateral walls of pelvis.
aka transverse cervical ligaments- Supravaginal cervix + lateral vagina to lateral walls of pelvis.
aka transverse cervical ligaments- Supravaginal cervix + lateral vagina to lateral walls of pelvis.

49
Q

uterosacral ligaments

A

cervix to middle of sacrum

50
Q

anterior and posterior vaginal fornix

A

located on either side of vaginal part of cervix. Blind pouches

51
Q

blood supply to ovaries

A

Ovarian a. from abdominal aorta

52
Q

blood supply to uterus

A

Uterine a., from Internal Iliac a. Anastomoses w/ Ovarian a.

53
Q

blood supply to uterine tubes

A

Tubal branch of ovarian arteries. Tubal branch of uterine arteries ascending branch

54
Q

Blood supply to vagina

A

Superior part: Vaginal br. From Uterine a. Middle Part: Vaginal a. from Uterine a. Inferior Part: from Internal Pudendal a.

55
Q

borders of perineum

A

pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and sacrum/coccyx

56
Q

urogenital diaphragm

A

Old concept: equivalent to the deep perineal pouch

57
Q

superficial perineal pouch boundaries

A

space b/w Perineal Membrane (superiorly/deep) and the Perineal Fascia/Colles Fascia (inferiorly/superficially

58
Q

deep perineal pouch boundaries

A

space b/w pelvic diaphragm (superiorly/deep), and Perineal Membrane (inferiorly/superficially). It is open superiorly

59
Q

Contents of deep perineal pouch

A

Both sexes: urethra surrounded by sphincter urethrae muscle. Males: Deep transverse perineal muscle, bulbourethral glands, dorsal nerve and vessels of penis. Females: smooth muscle, vagina, dorsal nerves and vessels of clitoris

60
Q

contents of superficial perineal pouch in males

A

erectile bodies (corpus cavernosums, corpus spongiosum), perineal body, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal msucle, pudendal nerve branches and internal pudendal vessels

61
Q

internal structure of penis- erectile bodies, vessels

A

2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum. Each is covered by tunica albuginea, and a deep fascia of penis (superficial to albuginea). Contains superficial and deep dorsal veins (above and below deep fascia), deep arteries in corpora cavernosa

62
Q
  1. Describe the peripheral neural pathways controlling penile erection, emission and ejaculation
A

erection: parasympathetic (S2-S4) via cavernous nerves from prostatc plexus. Cause blood dilation of cavernous spaces in corpora. Emission: Sympathetic (L1-L2). Contraction of ductus deferens and ejaculatory ducts. Ejaculation: sympathetic (L1-L2). Contraction of internal urethral spincter plus contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle (perineal branch of pudendal nerve, S2-S4)

63
Q

Causes of erectile dysfunction

A

hormone deficiency, neuro disorders, inadequate vascular supply, psychological problems

64
Q

components of vulva

A

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule of the vagina, vestibular glands (greater and lesser)

65
Q

greater vs lesser vestibular glands

A

greater: Secrete mucus into vestibule of the vagina during sexual arousal. Ducts open at 5 and 7 o clock relative to vaginal orifice. Lesser: secretes mucus to moisten labia and vestibule. Open into vestibule of vagina between urethra and vagina

66
Q

contents of superficial perineal pouch in females

A

clitoris, bulb of vestibule, bulbospongiosus muscle, greater vestibular glands, urethra, perineal body, superficial transverse perineal muscle, erectile bodies, pudendal nerve branches and internal pudendal vessels

67
Q

innervation of female perineum

A

Bulv of vestibule and erectile bodies of clitoris: PSNS innervation via cavernous nerves. Anterior vulva: lumbar plexus L1-L2, anterior labial nerves. Lateral vulva: perineal branch of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh. Posterior/central vulva: sacral plexus S2-S4, pudendal nerve branches.

68
Q

nerve blocks in female perineum

A

pudendal nerve block, ilioinguinal nerve block (may still feel sensation from anterior pudendum). These block somatic nerves and do not block pain from uterine contractions

69
Q

main blood supply to perineum in males and females

A

internal pudendal artery

life cycles test 1 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions