Regional Anatomy Flashcards
Greater length than width
Consist of shaft and extremities (ends)
Slightly curved for strength
Examples: femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius
Long bones
Nearly equal in length and width
Examples: carpal bones of wrist (except pisiform, which is a sesamoid bone)
short
Generally thin
Provide for protection
Extensive areas for muscle attachment
Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Flat bones
Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
Vary from person to person
Not always completely ossified
Examples: patellae
Sesamoid bones
Functions
protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
may change the direction of pull of a tendon, thereby improving the mechanical advantage at a joint
Sesamoid bones
This type of bone is classified by location rather than shape
Small bones that are located in sutures between cranial bones
Sutural bones
Number varies greatly from person to person
Apparently formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures
Most commonly found in the lambdoid suture, but also seen in other sutures
Sutural bones
Complex shapes that prevent grouping them into one of the previous categories
Examples: vertebrae, hip bones, calcaneus
irregular
participate in joints, or
allow the passage of soft tissue
Depressions and openings
Processes are:
projections or outgrowths
either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
opening
foramen
shallow depression
fossa
groove
sulcus
tubelike passageway or canal
meatus
large, round prominence at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint
condyle
bony prominence on each side of the ankle
malleolus
smooth flat articular surface
facet
prominent ridge or elongated projection
crest
very large projection
trochanter
large, rounded, typically roughened projection
tuberosity
small, rounded projection
tubercle
the bone that does not move when muscle shortens
origin
the movable bone
Insertion
the fleshy portion of the muscle in between attachment sites
belly
Characteristics used to name muscles
Pattern of the muscle’s fascicles Size of the muscle Shape of the muscle Action of the muscle Number of origins Location of the muscle Sites of both origin and insertion of the muscle
fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate at either end in flat tendons.
Parallel (fascicles)
fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate in flat tendons; muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly
Fusiform (fascicles)
Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice
circular (fascicles)
Fascicles spread over a broad area, and converge at a thick central tendon, giving muscle a triangular appearance
Triangular (convergent) fascicles
Fascicles are short in relation to total muscle length, and are arranged on only one side of the tendon
Unipenate fascicle
Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend nearly the entire length of the muscle
bipennate
Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons, which in turn extend nearly the entire length of the muscle
multipennate
