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Chemistry Regents Review > Regents Review > Flashcards

Regents Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance

A

element or compound

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2
Q

polar bond

A

between two DIFFERENT non-metals with DIFFERENT electronegativities

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3
Q

non-polar bond

A

between the same non-metal atoms, with the same electronegativities

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4
Q

average kinetic energy

A

temperature

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5
Q

delta H (heat of reaction)

A

the difference between the potential energy of the reactants and the potential energy of the products

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6
Q

heat of fusion

A

heat required to melt (or lost when freezing) a substance AT ITS MELTING POINT

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7
Q

heat of vaporization

A

heat required to vaporize (boil) a substance at its boiling point

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8
Q

exothermic

A

releases heat, heat is on right side of reaction

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9
Q

endothermic

A

absorbs heat, heat is on the left side of a reaction

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10
Q

hydronium ion

A

H3O+ found in acids

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11
Q

hydroxide

A

OH- found in bases

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12
Q

Arrhenius acid

A

releases H+

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13
Q

Arrhenius base

A

releases OH-

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; defines an element; cannot change without changing the element

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15
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons and neutrons

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16
Q

isotope

A

elements with a different number of neutrons and therefore a different atomic mass

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17
Q

alternate acid-base theory

A

acids are H+ donors, bases are H+ acceptors

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18
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance which conducts electricity in aqueous solution; acids, bases or salts (ionic compounds)

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19
Q

ion

A

a charged “atom” caused by the loss or gain of electrons ;

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20
Q

positive ion

A

usually metals which have lost electrons

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21
Q

negative ion

A

usually non-metals which have gained electrons

22
Q

orbital

A

a region of high probability of finding an electron in the “wave-mechanical” or electron cloud model of the atom

23
Q

electronegativity

A

ability of a atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond

24
Q

ionization energy

A

amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom

25
Q

metal

A

found to the left of the “staircase”, malleable, ductile, good conductors

26
Q

non-metal

A

found to the right of the staircase, brittle, poor conductors

27
Q

chemical properties

A

create new substances

28
Q

physical properties

A

phase changes or other properties which do not create new substances

29
Q

ionic bond

A

metal and a non-metal; transfer of electrons from metal (+) to non-metal (-)

30
Q

covalent bond

A

electrons are shared between two non-metals

31
Q

molecular

A

means “covalently bonded”

32
Q

metallic bond

A

mobile electrons found in a sample of a pure metal

33
Q

non-polar molecule

A

SYMMETRICAL charge distribution

ex: CO2, CH4, CF4, H2, O2, N2 etc

34
Q

polar molecule

A

ASYMMETRICAL charge distribution

ex: HCl, NH3, H2O,

35
Q

voltaic cell

A

produces electrical energy from chemical energy, spontaneous!

36
Q

electrolytic cell

A

uses electricity to cause a redox reaction, NOT spontaneous

37
Q

anode

A

oxidation occurs here

AN OX

38
Q

cathode

A

reduction occurs here

RED CAT

39
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons, causes oxidation state to DECREASE ( ex: +4 to +2)

40
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons, causes oxidation state to INCREASE (ex: 0 to +3)

41
Q

fission

A

splitting apart of large nuclei ( U-235)

42
Q

fusion

A

joining of small nuclei (H-3, H-2)

43
Q

equilibrium

A

EQUAL rates of forward and reverse reactions; CONSTANT concentrations of reactions and products

44
Q

entropy

A

randomness, disorder; increases s to l to g

45
Q

transmutation

A

the conversion of the nucleus of one element to the nucleus of another element

46
Q

negligible

A

almost none

47
Q

emit

A

release

48
Q

binary

A

composed of two elements

49
Q

empirical

A

simplest ratio

50
Q

“like dissolves like:

A

substance dissolve when their molecular polarities are the same (polar or non-polar)

Chemistry Regents Review (1 decks)

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