Regents Flashcards
Napolean Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile on the island of St. Helena.
Natural Law
Laws that exist outside and above all people and are discovered by reason
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Hobbes
Said that People are naturally bad and selfish; it should be necessary for citizens to give up their freedoms in exchange for protections
Montisquieu
Enlightenment thinker. Opposed to monarchy. Believed in branches or balance of power
Rousseau
believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property
Catherine the Great
This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter’s goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia -asked for advice from common people - built schools and hospitals
Estates general
France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Maximillian Robespierre
is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
Absolute monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
Heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Enlightenment
A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.
Galileo
(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.
Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
Social inequality
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
Economic injustices
refers to how economic metrics are distributed among people in a group, among groups in a population, among countries. they generally think of these three metrics of ecumenic disparity: wealth, income, and consumption
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.
Limited Monarchy
a monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty”
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country
Toussaint L’Overture
Toussaint L’Overture
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon, prevent France from going to war again, and protect peace
Revolutions of 1830
Nationalism and Liberalism spread through Europe..
France, Belgium, Poland. revolution fails
Absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
Otto Van Bismark
Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. Very persuasive person. Fought 3 wars in 1864, 1866, and 1870.
Kaiser
German emperor
Pan-Slavism
a movement to create a nation state of Slavic people
Blood and Iron
policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany
Zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
Muslim League
an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations
Young Turks
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.
Armenian Massacre
turkish troops killed tens of thousands of armenians (1890s), armenians supported enemies of the turks in WWI, 2 million armenians are deported, 600,000 are killed by turkish troops or starved to death.
Agrarian Revolution
A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Adam Smith
(1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
social darwinism
19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.
Proletariat
Working class
Effects of Industrial Revolution
Short Term
Unequal distribution of wealth
Crowded cities
Bad living conditions
Bad working conditions
Long Term: Eventually
New technology
More jobs
More goods for sale
Prices decrease
Variety of products
Better quality product labor laws
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Effects of Imperialism
disease, famine, breakdown of culture, disregard for ethnic and cultural divisions, loss of independence BUT better sanitation, hospitals, schools, railroads, and communcation
white man’s burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
Boers
Dutch settlers in South Africa
Opium War
1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.
Boer War
(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
Spheres of Influence
Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)
Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Berlin Conference
(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.
David Livingston
Powder keg of Europe
The Balkans; they had a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes. Nowhere was a dispute more likely to occur than on the Balkan Peninsula
Causes of WWI
- A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts
-Growing nationalism and militarism in Europe
-Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa
-The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand
New technology of WWI
rapid fire machine gun, long range artillery gun, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines, zeppelins, u-boats, convoys
***All resulted in increases casualties
Treaty of Versailles
End of WWI -German territorial loss, demilitarization of Germany, Reparation and admission of guilt
Bloody Sunday
1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar’s guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds
Bolsheviks
A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. They believed that the proletariats should overthrow the czar and the rich (bourgeoisie).
Ottoman Empire
Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the former Byzantine Empire, Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.
propaganda
Information from the government to sway the public’s opinion.
Armenian Genocide
the Turkish government organized the movement in the Ottoman Empire and over a million people were murdered or starved during WWI - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
Appeasement
Giving in to an aggressor to keep peace
Axis Powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
allies
Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy
Nazi-Soviet Pact (Non-Aggression)
A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other
Yalta Conference
Meeting between Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; acceptance of the UN, free elections in Poland, Allied “zones of occupation” in Germany, and USSR received Japanese territory.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The cities where nuclear attacks occurred during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America.
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO agreement.
Berlin Blockade
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
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domino theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Pol Pot
Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970’s
Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (1893-1976)
Great Leap Forward
Mao’s policy designed to promote industrialization but left millions in famine.
