Regenerative medicine Flashcards
What is regenerative medicine?
Regenerative medicine (RM) encompasses an emerging field of medicine to replace, engineering, or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs lost or injured due to age, disease, or congenital defects
to restore or establish normal function.
Types of regenerative medicine?
- Cell and tissue transplant
* Fetal graft
* Organ transplantation- Autografting & Xenotransplantation
* Cellular therapeutics - Tissue engineering
* The telomere story - Stem cells –applications
- Cloning
Transplantation of human cells, tissues and organs?
Transplantation is a surgical procedure in which an organ/s, tissue or group of cells are removed from one person (the donor) and transplanted into another person (the recipient), or moved from one site to another in the same person
Problem of transplantation?
large differences between countries in access to suitable
transplantation and in the level of safety, quality, and efficacy of donation and transplantation of human cells, tissues, and organs.
Examples of fetal tissue transplantation?
Umbilical cord blood stem cells
Fetal neural tissue
Fetal bone marrow
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
What is parkinson disease?
PD is due to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in an area deep inside the brain called substantia nigra.
Treatment of PD?
Fetal neuron transplant
These cells might establish a connections with other neuron, hence replacing the damaged brain cells, and restore brain
function.
What is spinal cord injury?
Damage occur when cord is crushed, or the nerve fibers are severed.
Incomplete or complete severing of the spinal cord may result in:
* Paraplegia of the lower body or quadriplegia,
* Paralysis of the body from the neck down.
Treatment of spinal cod injury?
Nerve fiber graft from fetal or adult neurons into the damaged area of spinal cord By blocking growth inhibitors molecules and stimulate neuron regeneration at the same, minimizing scar tissue formation - reducing the damage caused by scar tissues and supporting cells called glial cells
What is organ transplantationn?
Organ transplantation – the surgical removal of a healthy organ from one person and its transplantation into another person whose organ has failed or was injured
Autograft Transplantation:
the transplant that comprises individual’s own organ, tissue, or cells, transferred from one part of the body to another.
Example: Coronary artery bypass graft
surgery (CABG) is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease.
Connecting surgically to arteries in the heart as bypass around the obstructed vessel using, may be pieces of a vein from your leg or an artery in your chest.
Xenotransplantation:
the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another.
Cellular therapetics
“It involves using cells, instead of whole tissues or organs to replace defective
tissues or to deliver important biological molecules”
BIOCAPSULES
Biocapsules or microcapsules are tiny plastic beads or tubes encapsulating
living cells or genetically engineered cells designed to produce therapeutic
molecules such as recombinant proteins.
Biocapsules-Advantages:
Provide valuable ways to
deliver therapeutic
molecules.
2. Cells in the biocapsule are protected from attack by immune cells and antibodies of the host.
3. Allow molecules that produce the cells to leave the capsule and provide the host therapeutic benefits.
Tissue Engineering
“Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies principles of
biology and engineering to develop biological functional replacement for
clinical use.” It offers the possibility to help in case of regeneration of damaged tissue by trauma or disease or creating new tissues and replacing
failing/malfunctioning organs.
Tissue Engineering- Procedure
BIOPSY (donor-tissue extraction) - either from fluid tissue like blood using centrifugation or
apheresis
2) CELL ISOLATION and CULTIVATION(primary cells extracted from the same person’s own healthy tissues to which
the artificial tissue will be transplanted). Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow are also being used that can differentiate into various tissue types.
3 scaffolds: implantation or ‘seeding’ of cells into artificial structure
that can support 3-D tissue formation; that resemble the extracellular matrix.Scaffolds need to meet certain requirements : biocompatibility (acceptable for cells, high
porosity and adequate pore size), biodegradability
implantation
Detection
The telomere Story
Telomeres are sort of chromosome “cap” and are usually 8,000 to 12,000 bp
units of the repeating sequence 5’ – TTAGGG -3’.
A cell’s life span is affected in part by telomeres. Each time cells divides,
telomeres shorten slightly. Because of the basic flaw that prevents DNA
polymerase from completely copying the ends of both strands of a DNA molecules.
biological clock
Telomeres serve as a biological clock for counting down cell divisions leading to senescence and cell death as telomeres shorten, and senescence occur until the cell can no longer divide.
telomerase
One way in which cancer cells achieve immortality is through the actions of an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase repairs telomere length at the end of the chromosomes by adding DNA nucleotides to cap the telomere after each round of cell division.
telomere shortening
Telomere shortening is involved in the aging process- in the aches and pains, wrinkles, arthritis, gray hair. and other symptoms humans experience as we age.
