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Cellular Physiology > Regenerative Medicine > Flashcards

Regenerative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Define regenerative medicine

A

branch of translational research in tissue or cell engineering and molecular biology

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2
Q

What processes does regenerative medicine deal with?

A

replacing,
engineering or
regenerating

human cells/tissues/organs: restore or establish normal function.

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3
Q

What is the basis of regenerative medicine, how is this achieved and why is it important?

A

What: engineering of tissues and organs
How: by stimulating the body’s own repair mechanisms
Why: to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs

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4
Q

Define translational medicine

A
  • connects basic medical research with clinical treatment
  • interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field supported by three main pillars:
    1. bench-side
    2. bedside
    3. community
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4
Q

What could potentially solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation, and the problem of organ transplant rejection?

A

Using regenerative medicine to derive and grow an organ/cells from the patient’s own tissues or cells (patient acts as both donor and recipient)

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5
Q

Other than self-healing via cell therapy, what else can we do with regenerative medicine with regards to organs or tissues?

A

Grow tissues and organs in the laboratory to implant them when the body cannot heal itself.

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6
Q

Other than medicinally, where else does regenerative medicine show promise?

A

Anti-aging medicine and products

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7
Q

What is the function of cell therapy?

A

To restore the lost function rather than produce a new organ

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8
Q

List and describe anti-aging medicines as a form of cell therapy. (5)

A
  1. ** Hyaluronic acid** in anti-aging and disease
  2. Using platelet rich plasma as anti-aging agent in regenerating skin cells
  3. The anti-aging industry offers several hormone therapies (focus on estrogen)
  4. Diets and supplements
  5. Convalescent plasma in the era of COVID-19
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9
Q

What is hyaluronic acid (HA)?

A
  • Naturally occurring, linear polysaccharide
  • composed of repeating disaccharide units ofD-glucuronic acid andN-acetyl-D-glucosamine
  • linked byβ-1-3 andβ-1-4 glycosidic bonds
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10
Q

What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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11
Q

State the role of HA in the skin, and its affiliation with water.

A
  1. Forms an important structural element in the skin
  2. holds water extremely well
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12
Q

List the regions where HA is found in high concentrations. (6)

A
  1. synovial joint fluids
  2. vitreous humor of the eyes
  3. hyaline cartilage
  4. intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus
  5. umbilical cord
  6. connective tissues
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13
Q

Describe the role of HA in wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration.

A
  • HA-rich wound matrix facilitates cell motility and proliferation, which is essential for wound repair.
  • Facilitates scarless wound healing processes.
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14
Q

What is HA used for, medicinally? (5)

A
  1. supplementation of impaired synovial fluid in arthritic patients
  2. in aesthetic medicine such as dermal fillers
  3. in soft tissue surgery such as vocal fold augmentation
  4. as scaffold for tissue regenerative applications
  5. hydrogels
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15
Q

Describe the functions of hydrated and dehydrated HA.

A

Hydrated: intact HA (hydrogel structure) maintains the tissue in a hydrated state

Dehydrated: the degraded HA (also incorporated into hydrogel) released into the wound promotes cell proliferation, cell
migration and angiogenesis.

16
Q

What can impair the “vampire procedure”?

A

Systemic inflammation - cytokines and other inflammatory molecules remain in plasma
Smoking - impurities in plasma

17
Q

Describe the basis of the “vampire procedure”.

A
  • a microneedling treatment with the addition of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from recipient’s own body
  • recipient’s blood sample is centrifuged; PRP is collected from sample and used aesthetically
18
Q

What are the 2 different types of hormone therapy in regenerative medicine? (menopausal)

A
  1. Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy
  2. Estrogen replacement
19
Q

What are the contraindications of hormone therapy?

A

Stroke (thrombo-embolic stroke)
Hypercoagulation (Abnormal clotting)

20
Q

What are the different types of strokes one may get?

A

1. thrombo-embolic stroke - artery is blocked by a thrombus (blood clot) that forms there
2. hemorrhagic stroke - due to bleeding in your brain from a torn or ruptured blood vessel

21
Q

Describe how fibrin changes due to estrogen.

A
  • Soluble fibrinogen converts to insoluble fibrin fibres
  • Control: network of fibres
  • Control + oestrogen =
    thickened matted deposit
    causing heart attack or stroke

AKA: Leads to the formation of thicker and more branched fibrin fibers; fibrin morphology changes as estrogen levels increase

22
Q

Spontaneous platelet activation during hyperactivation of
haematological system

A
  • Cause hyperactivation
  • Platelets activated by pseudopodia
  • Female using HRT or contraceptives should be very careful in case oestrogen affects platelet and RBCs
23
Q

What is convalescent plasma therapy (hyperimmune immunoglobin)?

A

an experimental treatment that some doctors are using for people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

24
Q

What is the basis of convalescent plasma therapy wrt COVID-19?

A
  1. No FDA-approved treatment for COVID-19
  2. But, people who’ve recovered fromCOVID-19have antibodies — proteins the body uses to fight off infections — to the disease in their blood.
  3. The blood from people who’ve recovered is called convalescent plasma.
  4. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
  5. Researchers hope that convalescent plasma can be given to people with severeCOVID-19to boost their ability to fight the virus.
  6. It also might help keep people who are moderately ill from becoming more ill and experiencingCOVID-19complications.
25
Q

SANBS

A

SA clinical trial: SANBS
Starting on 4 May 2020, the SANBS began taking appointments from volunteers who wish to book appointments to donate convalescent plasma.
What does the SANBS hope to achieve with the clinical trial?
Currently, there is not enough scientific evidence to prove whether COVID-19 convalescent plasma is a safe and effective treatment for patients with the virus.
Well-designed clinical trials will help provide the information necessary to prove whether convalescent plasma is a safe and effective treatment. The results from the clinical trial will inform future decisions on the wider availability of convalescent plasma. It will be an important contribution to research on a global scale that could help patients in South Africa and around the world.

Cellular Physiology (4 decks)

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