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Edexcel A Level Geography > Regeneration EQ3 - Management of regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration EQ3 - Management of regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main types of UK government policy decisions?

A
  • infrastructure investment (in order to maintain growth and improve accessibility to regenerate regions
  • development such as house building and fracking (affecting economic regeneration)
  • UK gov decision on international migration and deregulation of capital markets (impacts potential for growth and investment)
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2
Q

What is infrastructure?

A

The basic physical systems and services that a country needs in order to work effectively

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3
Q

What is reimaging?

A

Making a place more attractive/desirable to live in/invest in
Disassociating an area from previous bad images

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4
Q

What is rebranding?

A

The ‘marketing’ aspect of regeneration, designed to attract businesses and residents
Attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by changing public perception of them

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of UK infrastructure investment?

A
  • Heathrow airport expansion
  • HS2
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6
Q

What is the Heathrow airport expansion, and what are the pros?

A

Expansion plan at Heathrow which includes a brand new 3rd runway
Pros: could generate £61 billion for the UK economy, Heathrow is already operating at full capacity, create 77,000 new jobs

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7
Q

What are the cons of Heathrow expansion plans?

A

Heathrow is already the greatest emitter of CO2 nationally, community destruction (compulsory purchase orders), noise pollution

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8
Q

What is HS2 and its pros?

A

High Speed Two is a new high speed railway network connect London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds
Pros - reverse North-South divide (Northern Powerhouse), take pressure off existing infrastructure, ‘carbon neutral’, reduces journey times

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9
Q

What are the cons of HS2?

A

Likely to create jobs in London, environmental costs, exceeded budget of £50 billion - now £100 bil, behind schedule (not till 2040s), rail growth has actually dipped in recent years

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10
Q

What are the factors affecting regeneration policies?

A
  • location (urban or rural)
  • politics of local area
  • external factors
  • legacy of past regeneration projects
  • quality of bid for private investment
  • degree of pump priming required
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11
Q

What is pump priming?

A

Using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest

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12
Q

What was the deregulation of capital markets and how did it boost London’s economy?

A

Deregulating financial markets - ‘Big Bang’
Ending Stock Exchange’s monopoly and removing entry barriers
Allowed London to host European Banks - in 2008 finance and banking created 30% of UK GDP

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13
Q

What are the arguments for and against migration?

A

For - increased GDP, more workers
Against - ethnic tensions, ‘taking’ jobs, increased population puts pressure on services

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14
Q

What is the current government policy on immigration?

A

Aims to reduce mass immigration as only the ‘beneficial’ are allowed to stay
UK gov 2010 pledged to cut net migration to 100,000 a year

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15
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the role of government planning for economic regeneration?

A
  • planning laws
  • planning for fracking
  • planning for housing needs (affordability and building targets)
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16
Q

Examples of UK planning policies that are important in the context of regeneration?

A
  • Greenbelt - protected green land that prevents urban sprawl
  • Conservation areas like National Parks have strict building regulations
  • Planning laws allow for some developments that are ‘in the national interest’ such as fracking (even though this would normally not be allowed)
  • National house building targets (not normally met)
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17
Q

What are science parks?

A

Industrial and business parks focused on the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university partner

18
Q

What is the role of science parks?

A

Sympathetic business environment
Key planning mechanism to attract high value quaternary fields in the UK - over 100 in the UK

19
Q

What is an example of a science park?

A

NETPark County Durham
- partnered by Durham University
- built in 2000, now host 25 companies employing about 400 people

20
Q

How can local interest groups be categorised?

A

By their viewpoint/stance:
- socioeconomic (Chamber of Commerce, trade unions)
- environment (conservation societies)

21
Q

What is a Chamber of Commerce?

A

Organisations which represent businesses and industry in a local area, and persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training

22
Q

What is a trade union?

A

An organisation made up of members who are mainly workers, with the main aim being to protect and advance the interests of its members in the workplace

23
Q

Why can regeneration lead to conflict between local players?

A

Regeneration inevitably leads to change:
- in the physical fabric of an area
- in the population of area (newcomers move in)

24
Q

What were the tensions created by the 2012 Olympic Park?

A
  • Clay Lane Housing cooperative was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for Olympic site developments, causing 430 residents to move
  • many olympic related jobs were only temporary construction jobs
  • gentrification increased rents
  • few jobs actually went to locals
25
Q

What are some different regeneration strategies?

A

URBAN:
- retail led
- tourism led (heritage/arts/culture)
- leisure and sport led (e.g. Olympics 2012)
RURAL
- public/private rural diversification (Powys regeneration partnership)
- sustainable rural livelihoods
- outdoor pursuits
- media themed

26
Q

How was London (in particular Stratford) regenerated by the 2012 Olympics?

A
  • Westfield Stratford built off the back of the 2012 bid, creating 10,000 jobs
  • 9000 new homes built
  • new youth sport strategy for the UK invested £1 billion in youth sport over 5 years following the Games (lasting legacy)
  • Olympics brought £9 billion of investment to East London
  • sites built on brownfield areas, urban wasteland of Lower Lea Valley cleared up
27
Q

What is the Powys Regeneration partnership?

A

A co-ordinated and integrated approach to economic and community regeneration in a rural area funded by Welsh government and EU.
Involves supporting local businesses via farm diversification, promoting area to attract new sustainable investment

28
Q

What was the success of the Powys regeneration partnership?

A
  • 40% of Welsh farmers now use some form of farm diversification to boost their businesses
  • grants of over £4 million have helped over 300 local businesses and community projects between 2011 and 2013, creating 36 full time jobs and safeguarding 80 more.
29
Q

What is diversification?

A

The process of a business enlarging or varying its range of products or field of operation.

30
Q

What are the type of rural diversification?

A
  • agriculture based
  • non agricultural
  • environmental schemes
31
Q

What was Liverpool like before urban rebranding?

A

In the 20th century it was badly affected by industrial decline
High levels of economic and social deprivation as well as high crime levels

32
Q

How was Liverpool rebranded/regenerated?

A

Heritage - Merseyside Development Corporation regenerated 320 hectares of derelict/historic Albert Docks into maritime museum, shops and apartments
Culture - European city of culture 2008, £4 billion invested into arts and infrastructure
Retail - Liverpool ONE shopping centre worth £900 mil opened in 2008

33
Q

What is Liverpool Waters?

A

A part of a £75 billion, 65km growth corridor
2km long, private investment by Peel Property Group
Cultural buildings designed to attract Chinese buisnesses (twinned with Shanghai), 23,000 new apartments, shops and office spaces

34
Q

Why is rural rebranding needed?

A

In the post production countryside, there is less infrastructure, fewer flagship projects and many remote areas

35
Q

What are the drawbacks of rural rebranding?

A
  • leads to oversaturation at ‘honeypot sites’ and problems associated with higher concentrations of visitors (traffic etc)
  • planning restrictions allied to rural rebranding (e.g. National Parks) restrict growth of industrial employment
  • second home owners and inward migration may have impacts on local residents who are then forced out
  • most economically successful rural areas are often close to urban areas and do not require rebranding
36
Q

What is the new rural economy?

A

Where rural areas become more like urban economies, with most employment in services rather than primary production. Making money from the appeal of landscapes, rural environments and local cultural heritage is more common

37
Q

What are the different rural rebranding strategies?

A
  • heritage and literary association
  • farm diversification
  • specialised products
  • outdoor pursuits
  • themed events
  • adventure leisure and tourism
  • ecovillages/sustainable communities
38
Q

How has Bronte Country been rebranded?

A

2002, £2 Million Regeneration Project to rebrand the area, high amounts tourism contributing to economy - homeland of Bronte sisters and moorland that inspired their classic literature
Led to 10 million tourists in 2013 (cumulative causation to become centre of economic activity)

39
Q

How has Kielder Forest been rebranded?

A

One of UK’s most remote villages - but now features Kielder Water and Forest Park, which attracts 345,000 visitors annually. Conservation is also integral - red squirrels etc. £40 million of funding in next 10 years

40
Q

What are the drawbacks of rural regeneration?

A

Rural regeneration often based around tourism and is very niche (remote areas)
UK rural economy is very season/weather dependent
Some activities such as going on a walk in the countryside do not bring much money into the rural economy
Rural areas have to fight to attract people and get them to spend

Edexcel A Level Geography (23 decks)

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