Regeneration EQ2 Flashcards
What is perception of a place?
Perception of a place is how it’s is understood and regarded. Perception can be changed through economic and social inequalities as well as age, social class and over all quality of life.
What does a successful are have?
Regions perceived as successful tend to be self sustaining as more people and investments are drawn to the opportunities created.
- high employment rates
- inward migration both internal and international (Brian gain)
- low levels of deprivation
What are the negative externalities of a ‘successful’ place?
- overheated property prices (Sydney is between the 10th most expensive place to live in the world)
- congested roads and public transports (air pollution)
- young economical active people may enjoy the fast paced city life whereas retirees and lower earners may have negative perceptions of an area.
- skill shortage (restrictions of skilled migrants and history of low uptake on higher education)
How may an urban place become successful?
Success may be a result for
- markets forces
- completion and innovation in a new globalised wold
- government led regeneration policies
E.g. London who has benefitted from is previous function (banking and as a globally connected capital) as well as government policies.
What has driven success in rural areas?
- Counter urbanisation migration to rural areas with improved transport and communication (working form home)
- attractiveness of living environment
- tend to have lower rates of unemployment
- High accessibility and connections (Commuter town)
- growth in small/micro businesses
What are the main social consequences of inequality?
- reduced trust with people in positions of power (governments and police)
- reduced participation and attachment to a place
-increased segregation of socio-economic groups - increased crime and property damage
- increased status completion (driving less affluent people into debt)
These all led to an are becoming unsuccessful.
Why is the effect of inequality maintained?
The results of inequality are intergenerational meaning a distaste for an area is lassoed down through families. This will happen until effective regeneration schemes, university education or sheer innovation takes place
Why do urban areas decline and be thought of as ‘unsuccessful’
- Urban areas with high amounts of inequality (intergenerational perceptions)
- global shift (economic restructuring) creating deindustrialisation in areas leading to a spiral of decline. (unemployment, depopulation ect)
- environmental issues (lack of green space)
What are the key characteristics of an unsuccessful location?
- increased social deprivation
- lower education levels
- lack of access to services and poor living environment
- high unemployment and crime
Why do rural areas decline?
- faster ageing population due to the out migration of younge economically active in search of economic opportunity
- falling employment in farming and other primary sector work (mechanisation ect)
- shift in economic activity towards services such as low paid seasonal tourism.
Why are there priority’s for regeneration?
Huge economic and social inequalities create different priorities for regeneration
- sink estates
- declining rural populations
Have higher regeneration needs
- gated communities
- commuter villages
Are lower priorities
What is a sink estate?
A housing estate that is characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially in domestic violence, drugs and gangs.
They are the result of historically segregating low income groups relying on social assistance from the rest of society.
e.g. Lower Falinge is a sink estate in Rochdale housing about 1000 people, which was built in the 1970s. It has consistantly been ranked one of England’s most deprived areas.
What is a gated community?
Communities found in both urban and rural locations as either individual or a group of houses with high security (CCTV) designed to deter crime.
Often occurs in areas of gentrification.
What are commuter villages?
Settlements that have a proportion is their population ,being in them who commute daily or weekly into urban areas for work.
Normally created near major transport links (motorways and railways)
How can levels of engage the be measured in local communities?
There are wide variations in engagement in local communities which can be measured by
- local and national election turnout
- development and support of local community groups
What is local and national election turnouts?
This is the percentage of people who have a right to vote in an election that actually do vote.
In the general election in the UK
What are the main trends of local and national election turnouts?
Turnout in usually lowest in deprived inner cities and higher in wealthy suburbs and commuter belt regions.
- only 55% of ethnic minorities groups chose to vote
- in 2014 local election turnout was about 36%
What factors may explain variations in political engagement?
- language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants
- lack of trust in in politicians (younger populations and ethnicity minority groups p)
- feeling that one vote has no influence (minority populations)
- lack of belonging to a community may give feeling of isolation
Communities in need of regeneration are most often the least engaged in the political processes that’s influence regenerations
What does support vary for local community groups?
Support for local groups varies across that country, depending on local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group.
What are local community groups?
Local community groups are a group of interacting people that live in a common location.
They vary from committees running local allotments or more powerful NIMBY groups that protest over planned developments.
Some groups help to fundraise to help more vulnerable people in the local community. ‘ neighbour hood watches’ may be significant in reducing antisocial behaviour.
What is the lived experience of an area?
The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experiences can have profound impacts of a persons perceptions and values, as well as on the general development and outlook on the world.
What a factors affect a person lived experience?
Membership > a feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted
Influence > a sense of playing a part in a place, and hence caring about it
What factors determine levels of engagement?
- age
- ethnicity
- gender
-length of residence - levels of deprivation
How does age affect levels of engagement?
Younger people may fell less attached to a place due to globalisation. The use of social media and other media outlets makes them is a sense global citizens of a global culture and may struggle for a sense of acceptance in a local society.
Also influence by length of residence in the place.
How does length of residence affect levels of engagement?
New migrants and students may have less of a strong attachment than longstanding locals with less involvement in community groups and projects.
How does levels of deprivation affect people levels of engagement in an area?
Areas with high levels of deprivation may be associated with a population with negative anti-establishments views. Additionally people who rent or are in temporary accommodation may fell less ‘at home’.
How does ethnicity affect levels of engagement?
Non-white British may have different views because of local acceptance, links to length of residence.
How does gender affect levels of engagement in an area?
Despite modern equality women’s may still feel unsafe alone in an area reducing levels of engagement.
Stay at homes parents may be more active in local communities ‘PTAs’.
How can conflicts occur between constraining groups in communities when it comes to regeneration?
- lack of political engagement and representation
- ethnical tensions
- inequality
- lack of economic opportunities
Conflicts can occur when they’re are opposing views about the priorities and strategies in regeneration.
Why can conflict happen in areas that have experienced studentification?
Concentrations of transient (impermeable) youthful groups who may have little regard for surrounding long term residence. This may lead to the involvement of some local authorities and restrictions on the number of uni accommodation in one area.
How has attempts to regeneration northern England led to conflicts?
The ‘northern powerhouse’ is a concept annoyed in 2014 to empower cities in the north for England to become a unified economic force to rival London and the south east.
The distinct local intergenerational ‘identities’ may hinder plans as well as ‘rivalries’ between sports fans and lack of inter regional transport.
Conclusion: why might regeneration be needed?
- economic and social inequalities - variations in lived experience and engagement
Inherent local characteristics, internal and external drivers of change results in economic and social inequalities which are targeted for regeneration. Programmes.
Inequality lead to differing perceptions and attachments to place and levels of engagement.
Need to do 4A.6
LOCAL PLACE
(doing with mrs c)
