Regeneration Flashcards
Give 2 jobs in primary sector:
- farming
-mining
Give 2 jobs in the secondary sector:
- manufacturing
- shoe maker
Give 2 jobs in the tertiary sector:
- healthcare
- education
Give 2 jobs in the Quaternary sector:
- finance
- IT
What happened to the sectors pre-industrial?
The primary sector dominated, however it was slowly declining. The tertiary and secondary sector were slowly increasing.
What happened to the sectors during the industrial revolution? (1750)
There was a growth in factories.
This caused a decline in the primary sector.
The tertiary continued to increases.
The secondary peaked and then slowly starting to decrease.
What happened post industrial?
There was a decline in the primary and secondary sector.
The Quaternary sector was introduced.
There was a government driven decision to invest in the tertiary and Quaternary sectors.
What is a place?
Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities overtime.
Places are shaped by….
- internal connection - between people employment and housing
- external connection - between government policies and globalisation.
What is regeneration designed to tackle?
inequalities in rural/urban areas to make them economically productive/socially acceptable.
What two ways is economically activity classified in is…
- Sector
- type of employment- part/full time, temporary, permanent, employed/self-employed.
What are 5 ways we can reflect on economic activity?
- Regional inequalities
- Variations in quality of life
- Occupation and life expectancy
- Income and health
- Variations in educational achievement
Explain regional inequalities:
- incomes vary regionally
- eg. London - incomes are higher in senior positions.
- Those working in Docklands- based knowledge economy have higher incomes.
Explain variations in quality of life:
- higher incomes increase happiness?
- London and SE have higher average income but housing is also higher there
Explain occupation and life expectancy:
- national database which helps to assess relationships between life expectancy + job type.
Explain income and health:
- those on lowest income are said to be more deprived- lack of reasonable standard of living.
- clear link between income, deprivation and health.
Definition of re-branding:
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvested for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors.
Definition of re-imaging:
How the image of a place is changed. eg. changing how its portrayed in the media. This term is used by those in charge of regeneration and re-branding, and also by tourist agencies when developing new images of particular places.
Definition of regeneration:
Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change. Regeneration plans focus on the fabric of a place : new buildings and spaces with a new purpose.
What is containerisation?
The process of using large shipping containers to transport goods.
What is one of the ways that global change has happened in the UK?
The London’s dock facilities have had to shift further and further downstream as ships got too big for the river.
Explain London’s changing East End- before and after the change.
- Living close to the East end were dockworkers and their families = poorly paid and housing social housing rented from local councils.
- As container ships got larger - huge cranes replaced them and docks fell into disuse.
- jobs were lost
- % men unemployed
- riverside downstream from tower bridge consisted of abandoned docks- not good image for major city
- population in area declined
What were cities like before re-imaging took place?
- high unemployment in cities eg. Manchester and Leeds gave inner-city areas a poor image and little economic potential
- quality of life decreased as little investment and crime rose between 1975 and 1985.
How did the government react to re-image inner cities?
- Conservative government reacted by attempting to rebrand inner cities
- in 1984 garden festivals held to develop ‘greener’ image for inner cities - re-imaging.
How did the London Docklands get regenerated?
- LDDC- London’s Docklands development corporation was developed in 1981 and it’s focus was to encourage growth.
- it brought together property owners, architechts, construction companies and investors.
- this was a process called market - led regeneration = leaving private sector to make decisions about future Docklands
- LDDC given permission to planning powers as long as planning permissions granted by 1991.
What 3 things did LDDC focus on?
- Economic growth
- Infrastructure
- Population and housing
How did the LDDC focus on economic growth?
-LDDCs project was canary wharf - now londons CBD
- high rise buildings - stimulate quaternary employment
- replacing docks
- drive behind was to create high earning jobs which would generate the ‘trickle down’ effect to the poorer communities
- everyday 100000 commute there
- employment- grown and east end no longer UKs most deprived areas
- but poverty still present
How did the LDDC focus on infrastructure?
- accessibility and connectedness have both been key success of the Docklands regeneration
- new transport development include:
- extending jubilee line - London’s underground
- London’s city airport giving access to city and canary wharf - business users
How did the LDDC focus on population and housing?
- Docklands population has transformed:
- older people moved out - retired to east coast
- older residents replaced by younger generation
- ethnic composition of east end - always been diverse, recent large - scale immigration has increased its mix
- before regeneration, most housing in Docklands was rented from local councils at low-cost
2 big changes occured:
- in 1980,government introduced the right to buy scheme - gave those living in counsil housing the right to buy at reduced price
- one aim of the Docklands regeneration was in increase private housing - led to gentrification
Definition of gentrification:
A change in social class where once working class area become renovated by middle classes
But some problems remain
what are these problems?
(London docklands)
- regeneration has not removed deprivation from Docklands
- those in poor health are often unable to work and are concentrated in what remains of the low cost social housing
- Women in Tower Hamlets - lowest healthy life expectancy in London in 2020.
What is lived experience?
The experiences you personally have had that effect your view on a place.
Definition of trans-national corporation:
COmpany with administration creation, production and sales in multiple countries
Inward investment defintion:
The addition of Money into a local economy,perhaps from a foreign company.
Look at map from date 15/10/24
Why is Sydney a successful place?
-Strengths in Quaternary sector
- Has a young economically workforce
- low levels of multiple deprivation
- most knowledge-economg employers are ‘footloose’ and can locate anywhere
- Its time zone allows business trading in USA and Europe - essential for investment banks
- Australia government have embraced globalisation by:
- de-regulating bank and finance - allowing any overseas bank to operate there
- focusing on country’s inward migration policy on well-qualified professionals - skills are in short supply and must be supported by inward migration
- has overseas banks and TNCs
What are the reasons for why Clairton, Pennsylvania has experinced deindustrilisation?
- Overseas companies producing cheaper coal and steel
- Mining companies have merchandised to cut costs - result in job loses.
- lower wage costs in the South - Eastern USA have led to relocation of steel and car industries
- US coal industry only survives because of government subsidies - keep prices low.
What does the term rust-belt region refer to?
The decline in metal manufacturing.
Why has the rust-belt region undergone economic restructuring?
- high income jobs has been replaced by low-wage tertiary jobs - retail and local government government
What are the problems caused by this?
- population decline and brain drain - people have to search and work somewhere else.
- high unemployment and crime
- reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls.
Why did Beattyville decline?
- part of the coal industry which delined- caused social problems
- 2012 census showed Beattyville = poor
- half families lived below poverty line
- 1/3 teenagers left school without graduating
- only 5% residents had college degrees
- crime- drug overdose account for 1\2 of all accidental deaths
Why is Silicon valley a successful place?
- region in Northern California
- global center for high technology
- located by a valley- leads into a bay.
- San Francisco- known as international centre for commerce and innovation
- IT and digital media companies eg. Twitter, Tesla have headquarters there
- large cluster of bioscience companies based there - fuelled job opportunities attract highly educated migrants from across USA and Asia - require specific knowledge and education - high paying
What is cumulative causation?
Investment leads to economic activity leads to income and profit and so on
How does cumulative causation lead to Silicon Valley?
Educated migrants get payed which is spent which causes more local jobs which improves quality of life and then investment happens which attracts educated migrants and so on
What is innovation?
Creating new things
How does young people help improve a place?
Young people come in and create more disposable income - encourages innovation
This creates a multiplier effect fuelled by its technological transportation, high quality of life and highly skilled workforce.
BUT what are some issues?
- large amount of inequality
- City is facing affordability and housing crisis
- 2015-64000 jobs created but only 5000 new homes built
- the arrival of tech companies has led to the gentrification of poorer neighbourhoods so many residents can no longer live there
Why do some places get a higher turnout than others?
- because of their community engagement
- for example Scotland had a higher turnout than UK this may be because they were more involved in community engagement
Look at the sheet on lived experience and engagement - 25/11/24
What are 5 reasons why lived experience and attachment to places varies?
- age
- length of residence
- gender
- ethnicity
- deprivation
Why would age make someone’s lived experience and attachment to a place vary?
- retired person- grandchildren and childcare,they have pensions and more disposible income
- adult- have children and responsibilities, need childcare which costs them
- YA - 18-24 - Career focused, fun, fewer responsibilities= disposible income
- teens- school and clubs
- child- limited say
HOWEVER- not all Same lifestyle - can’t assume ppl of same age have same views
Why would length of residence make someone’s lived experience and attachment to a place vary?
- students - less engaged as not staying for long- 3yrs
- recent migrants (temporary) might be less attached as those long term - have dfferent views on local culture and heritage, can bring new ideas
Why would gender make someone’s lived experience and attachment to a place vary?
- men - generally more politically involved
- women- longer life expectancy, stay at home? However increasing male childcare
- community support for non-binary/ LGBT groups
Why would ethnicity make someone’s lived experience and attachment to a place vary?
- windrush generation - historical racism - tension and disagreement in area- affect attatchment
- culture contrast eg. Expectations of family eg Bricklane- Bangladesh/indian groups
Why would deprivation make someone’s lived experience and attachment to a place vary?
- time/work
- history of deprivation can effect wealthy
- higher income can help the poor- egfood banks
How can the investment of infrastructure help regenerate an area?
- can help increase connectivity of an area
- eg.elizabeth line - has helped ease congestion at Central London
How has HS1 helped improve areas?
- railway runs between st pancreas and channel tunnel
- HS1 has brought affordable housing within the reach of hundreds of young couples and families .
- has allowed those who are young and have families who can’t afford London prices to still be able to work in London.
What was the northern powerhouse initiative in 2015/16?
- it was an approach to maximise the economic potential of the north to allow workers to be more mobile
- allows businesses to be better connected and therefore become more efficient
Look at the sheets on 16/12/24
What are the 4 roles of the national governement and explain
- migration policy - pro migration- being part of EU can bring growth to towns
- infrastructure investment- HS1+2
- International deregulation- London stock exchange and city of London responsible for £95 billion- accountable for lawyers, consultants ect. Hard to reregulate- tried in 2015 but HSBC threatened to move to Asia so the levy= halfed
- planning decisions- increased life expectancy and pop increase so puts pressure on housing
resource extraction- fracking - drilling in Blackpool lead to minor earthquakes- NIMBY
Who are our local players?
- local governments (boroughs, city counsils)
- local interest groups (chambers of commerce, local preservation societies, trade unions)
What is a science park?
An area where businesses come together and share ideas together. Typically working in Quaternary sector producing money, eg. in research and development - microscoft.
What are the positives and negatives about Cambridge science park?
- positives - have a wide range of facilities - barber, children nursery, gym and cafes to accommodate everyone.
- it has had a big impact to the local area as there is more money being produced into the economy and more people providing research for the area.
-negatives - creates a lot of traffic for the areas and makes the house prices really high.
What has happened to Oxford science park because of cambridges science park?
It has declined because Cambridge’s science park has grown.
What is the chambers of commerce?
Associations or networks of business people designed to promote and protect the interests of their members.
What are local preservation societies?
Groups who seek to protect/preserve their local area eg. monuments, history, buildings eg battersea power station
What are trade unions?
a group of employees who join together to maintain and improve conditions of employment.
What is an example of rural and urban regeneration?
urban - London Olympics
rural - Powys
London Olympics - case study
Who are the stakeholders/ key players in the london olympics?
- international olympic committee
- local businesses
- local people
- Uk government - responsible for transportation
- local boroughs - shared hosting of games
- stakeholders in local economy
What was the aim of the London Olympics and how successful was it?
to regenerate the area as a legacy of the games. They were partly successful because they had a clear plan. For example, bringing in westfield created many jobs which were then invested into the community through disposable income. However, tensions with local residents still arose as they complained that increasing prices made rent unaffordable.
What are some reasons for regeneration?
- re-brand/ re-image
-economic growth
-tourism
-needs of young people - environment and place
What are the social impacts of regeneration from the London Olympics?
- people forced to move homes
- travellors - split from families
- helped open schools in the area
- Olympic village converted into 2080 flats
- Additional 7000 houses on Olympic park
- gentrification happened
What are the economic impacts of regeneration from the London Olympics?
- more shops/restaurants built - invested into economy
- thousands of jobs created
- construction -short-term
- retail and services - long-term
- 14,000 students at 6 unis opened since 2012
- in 2012 £13.2b benefit
What are the environmental impacts of regeneration from the London Olympics?
- noise pollution
- provided habitats for many animals - thousands of trees planted
- greenhouse emissions
What are the 3 catalysts for urban regeneration?
- retail eg. westfield
- tourism - eg Dubai
- leisure and sports eg. olympics
Features of a rural area:
- sparse populated
- geographically isolated
- countryside
Brain drain definition:
Geographic brain drain is defined as a situation whereby talented professionals flee one country to another in search of better pay and working conditions. As a result of the brain drain, emerging countries may struggle to grow since their best and brightest are leaving the workforce.
Why might a rural area need regeneration?
- brain drain
- oftern young people dont see future there
- types of jobs/pay = limited eg. farming
Urbanisation definition:
growth in the % of people living in urban areas
What is a consequence of brain drain?
- can spark spiral of decline
- therefore regeneration is needed to bring people back into rural areas
What are
- grants
-subsidies
- money given
-money off
Case study - Cornwall
- Why is Cornwalls airport important for their economy?
- Newquay airport is important for the economy because it allowas business workers to commute by plane, which is quicker then car/train.
What is the post-production countryside and how has this effected Cornwall?
- when a rural area is less productive then before- and issue because it lacks year-round economy which results in a decline in community- creates spiral of decline.
What are the 4 main reasons for decline in Cornwall’s primary sector?
- farming - cheaper imported food
- fishing - stock of many types of fish= low due to overfishing young fish - can reproduce
- tin and copper mining - prices fallen due to cheap overseas competition
- Quarrying - now fewer (but larger) quarries which use tech rather than people to extract
How and why is Cornwall isolated?
Cornwall is remote from rest of UK, therefore it is not ideal for operating national or international businesses. It lies far from rest of UKs core economic area of London, the midlands and the North- where most economic activity takes place. Journey times by road or rail are long and expensive and business travellers oftern face overnight stays from home on top of travel costs. To create jobs locally Cornwall needs investment and branding.
study the core and periphery model - 14/1/25
what does the core represent?
what does the periphery represent?
- urban
- rural
How does Cornwall reflect the perophery?
Cornwall reflect the periphery as they struggle with brain drain and low wages due to their previous jobs in the primary sector, and the fact they are located in a remote, rural, isolated area.
Cornwall is physically and economically separated from core.
What are the 4 rebranding strategies for Cornwalls post production Country?
- Farm diversification
- ‘Foodie’
- Spectacular gardens
- Outdoor pursuits
Explain farm diversification:
Using a mixed variety of something (eg. income) to protect against risk. Using land for ‘traditionally’ uses, in order not to over-rely on one industry - eg. farmland with farm,shop,softplay.
Explain ‘foodie’:
and what is the definition to destination tourism?
Restaurants at Padstow at watergate Bay near Newquay (Jamie Olivers fifteen) and Rock - all of which have helped rebrand cornish coast as a destination tourism location.
Destination tourism = Decision to visit an area for a short period of time based on single attraction - other nearby places then receive visitors on the back of this.
Explain spectacular gardens:
result of Cornwalls mild climate and victorian ancestors, who explore overseas and bought back sub-tropical plants that have thrived in gardens such as the lost gardens on Heligan.
Explain outdoor pursuits:
eg. extreme acadamy at Watergate bay near Newquay which offer lessons in rock-climbing, surfing and para -surfing.
What are local enterprise zones?
Smaller particular zones which attract certain type of aid. Enterprise zone initiatives are focused into smaller areas, which can be branded to attract particular companies and organisations.
What are regional aid areas?
areas that were recognised by the EU as being less economically advantaged, and would therefore qualify for government assistance.
What is the areohub business park?
a partnership between Cornwall counsil and private-sector investors, who are aiming to begin the process of diversifying Cornwalls economy away from its dependence on tourism. It was hoped that 700 high-value, skilled permanent jobs would be generated there.
Case study ; Powys
Give some context on Powys:
- 2011 Powys county counsil started new regeneration strategy for rural county.
-Government gave £16 million over net 4 years. - Regeneration strategy was designed to:
- encourage businesses and invest money
- work with local groups - help find strategies
- create multiplier effect
- improve broardband
- encourage local communities to diversify using Powys natural assests.
What are 4 examples of regeneration strategies Powys could regenerate the area?
1.- Counsil share info on range of different regeneration strategies
2 - Stakeholders in each town will work closely together to create a plan
3- a key idea is that each town should develop a ‘niche’ for their place- something that gives it a distinctive identity eg. local food festival – eg. ‘Hay’ -‘book town’ - world famous literary festival each year.
4- The counsil will support this process by providing training for stakeholders and reducing clutter of street furniture - benches, road signs ect.
What is re-branding?
-Changing the public perceptions of a place.
What is one way cities re-imaged? and give an example
by changing their name
eg. Perking (1950s, China) —-> Beijing
Context before regeneration in Glasgow?
- Glasgow Docklands is all about shipbuilding.
- Shipbuilding industry supported the whole industrial region.
- When cheaper overseas competition in late 20th century led to collapse of Glasgows shipbuilding industry, the other industries fell with it - Domino effect.
- Only 3 shipyards still survive,
- Regeneration - managed by Glasgows city counsil and Scottish government.
How did regeneration happen in Glasgow?
- Since 2000 teritory and quaternarry growth in following areas:
- Arts, culture and tourism = hosted successful commonwealth games 2014, famous architects, Uk+Scottish government - invested in museums, science centre- all located along Clyde - attract tourism, employment opportunities - bars, restaurants, retail (positive multiplier effect).
- Residential development - homes built along Clyde and shops - regenerate former industrial areas.
- Media - BBC headquarters Scotlands TV- in former shipyard areas.
Context before regeneration in Plymouth:
- 1960s - historic naval city - suffered severe bombing - second world war
- used to attract people
- economy declined since 1960s
- Competes with Portsmouth - keep ship repair going.
- Royal navy provides for 10% for citys GDP but like Cornwall remoteness = makes investment hard.
Whats Plymouths regeneration looking like?
- City council playing key role in regeneration
- so far regeneration products include:
- A new shopping complex - Drake circus - in city centre - retail led regeneration. Leisure shopping - attracts people to city centres and creates jobs. Some feel drake circus has taken business away from some parts of Plymouth.
- A cruise terminal to attract international tourists. - Plymouth history - attracts tourism- particulry through links with USA.
- A branded science park which has 70 businesses employing 800 people. Park links with 2 unis and teaching hospital have attracted companies related with marine engineering medicine and renewable energy- helped expand Plymouths growing knowledge economy.
What is the royal William Yard in Plymouth and how has it been restored?
A building which is a formed royal navy supply store - dates for Napoleonic wars and is grade 1 listed
- Restoration carried out by Urban splash - private sector regeneration company
- As grade 1 listed building yard = expensive to restore.
- Process has been completed in phases over 20 years - includes shops, restaurants and over 200 apartments.
- Close to cruise terminal but only 2km from city centre.
Does everyone agree about regeneration in Plymouth?
- no - tensions between wanting to preserve urban environments and those seeking change.
- Fore example, Civic centre - one of Plymouths tallest buildings, but it needs lots of money spent in order to maintain it.
Go back and learn the Bronte country case study?
Definition of re-branding
The process of improving the image of a place to make it more attractive to investors and residents.
Name all 9 regeneration strategies:
- New settlements
- Improved buildings
- Infrastructure
- Technology
- Themed events
- Sustainable communities
- Retail-led regeneration
- Marketing heritage
- Sport, art and culture
Explain and give an example of New settlements in terms of regeneration strategies:
- Example: Milton Keynes
- 3rd wave of the new towns act in SE England - receive housing congestion in London.
- London ‘overspill communities’ - Government policy moving residents out of greater London into other areas of SE England - decentralising population and economic activity.
- One of UKs fastest growing cities - young, dynamic population, high proportion of working- class.
Explain and give an example of Improved buildings in terms of regeneration strategies:
- Example: Battersea Power station
- Developed after remaining empty for 30 years.
- 10 year project - 4 famous white chimneys have been dismantled and rebuilt.
- Includes luxurious apartments, high-end retail, lively shopping mall.
- Nine elms and Battersea tube station - improve connectivity and adds attractiveness - well accessible and connected.
Explain and give an example of Infrastructure in terms of regeneration strategies:
- eg. HS1
- built to connect London and channel tunnel in kent.
- cost £6.84 billion - opened November 14th 2007.
- Allowed 164000 households in Kent to access job opportunities in London.
- Due to increase in job opportunities in London, economy has thrived.
- HS1 - been catalyst for over £8 billion of development.
- Initially drawn up in 2009, as major infrastructure project to build railway between London and North England.
- Was meant to reduce North-South divide by connecting poorer regions to the economic core of London and the South.
- These places would be more accessible creating a larger labour pool as workers could commute from further away.
- trains meant to run from London to West midlsnds, Crewe, Manchester and York.
- As of October 2023 most routes - cancelled.
- £27 billion been spent as of 2023 - total estimate = £66 billion.
Explain and give an example of technology in terms of regeneration strategies:
- local government compete to create attractive business environments, which attract investment and highly skilled workers.
- often done by developing science parks and enterprise zones - draw in high value Quaternary industries.
- Enterprise zones designated areas provided with tax breaks and government support. - eg. Bristol temple quater. - one of the largest enterprise zones.
- has attracted significant businesses investment and created new jobs.
-more than 4000 jobs created and almost 40
firms have moved into area. - Science parks- areas created to promote innovation and act as hubs for technology led enterprises.
- Oftern formed with universities as partners allowing businesses to employ skilled graduates and make use of research facilities.
- close proximity to other companies can stimulate collaboration between fields - enough investment - eg. Cambridge science park
- established in 1970
Now home to over 170 science and tech companies eg. Microsoft and Astrazeneca.
Explain and give an example of themed events in terms of regeneration strategies:
- Special occasions with an idea eg. Music as central focus.
- create regenerative benefits to region:create jobs for locals, increasing investment/recognition of the place.
- eg. Glastonbury music festival
- 100 people permanently employed to run festival, 1100 more created during run time.
- Average attended by 200,000 people
- in 2007 over 700 journalists reported on festival - tourism.
Explain and give an example of sustainable communities in terms of regeneration strategies:
- eg. Greenwich millennium urban village
- Harboured many manufacturing companies that deindustrialised - leading to regeneration of brownfield site.
- one of the most well known examples of large-scale urban regeneration in the Uk.
- Good transport links - canary wharf 2mins away by tube.
- The ‘help to buy’ London scheme allowed home owners to put down as little as 5% deposits untill 2023.
- Millenium communities program is an English initiative to construct 7 new villages using sustainable development principles.
Explain and give an example of retail-led regeneration in terms of regeneration strategies:
- focus= to attract shops to high streets and markets and to establish warehouses and logistical hubs for TNCs.
- eg. Westfield Stratford.
- invested over £1.75 billion into Westfield Stratford city- further investment of £670 million and 1,200 new homes.
- Group plan to also build green spaces creating environments people want to visit live and work. Brings further economic and social benefits.
- Westfield - comitted to improving environment- zero waste to landfill, low energy lighting and rainwater harvesting.
- eg. Borough market
- during 19th century - Borough market became one of the most important food markets due to strategic position near Riverside.
- After WW2- Borough market remained heart of fruit and veg trade until growth of supermarket in 80s and 90s.
- Mid 1990s - market declined - regenerated to be a retail market.
- By 2021 due to high customer demand Borough market began opened its gates for first time in recent history.
Explain and give an example of marketing heritage in terms of regeneration strategies:
- eg River Lagan through Belfast
- once housed shipyards for 20-30 thousand workers but overseas competition - diminished Sector- damage local economic infrastructure.
- new regeneration - built around heritage of area - famous ship titanic made here - tourist center (Titanic Belfast)
Explain and give an example of sport, art and culture in terms of regeneration strategies:
SPORT
- Olympic Queen Elizabeth park.
- Attract investors - coca cola, Samsung
- Sustainable- walking and cycle routes, water efficient homes, protection of green spaces and natural habitats.
CULTURE
- city of culture - yearly city selected to become city of culture eg. Bradford in 2025
- expected to create 6,500 jobs
- Expected to boost government funds by £5million
ART
- Creative foundation (Folkstone, Kent)
- aims - improve retail, landscape and leisure
- renovating 65 derelict properties in old town.
- attracted 150 creative businesses
- sculpture - placed in town putting it on international art map.
What is a legacy?
A long term effect on an area and how it effects success.
How does regeneration link to legacy?
If an area has a good legacy it attracts people and tourism - leads to positive spiral which can help regenerate an area.
Why might you need to quantify data?
To compare data more easily.
What are 3 economic measures of success?
- Employment levels - including number of jobs and types of mix of jobs
- Changes in income - average earnings, amount made by local businesses.
- level of poverty
What are 4 social measures of success?
- reduction of rates of deprivation (IMD)
- Reduction of inequality
- changes in level of crime
- improvements in access to education and and healthcare/life expectancy
What are 2 environmental measures of success?
- reduction of pollution - air/noise- increase due to construction
- improvement of previously derelict land
What is the index of multiple deprivation?
- overall measure of deprivation - combines lots of indicators into single index
- indicators in social, economic ad environmental factors.
What are the pros and cons of Stratford regeneration?
pros:
- connectivity
-olympic park - tourism
- westfield - jobs created
- housing
BUT
cons:
- not affordable
-gentrification
- didnt build as many houses as wanted
What are the 6 stakeholders in urban regeneration of olympic park?
- UK central government
- The London Assembly
- Local government
- Local former businesses
- Local residents
- Environmetal stakeholders
What is the UK central governments criteria for success?
- success of olympics
- reduction in inequality (IMD)
- international reputation / venue
What is the London assemblys criteria for success?
- boost in London tourism
- fulfillment of new housing targets
- increased employment in London
What is the local governments criteria for success?
- reduction in housing problems
- environmental improvement / availability of services
- local authority service costs
What is the local former businesses criteria for success?
- Sustainability of relocated businesses
- Quality of life for employees
- new business opportunities
What is the local residents criteria for success?
- maintain community and quality of life
- improved living environment
- better local services
What is the environmental stakeholders criteria for success?
- reduced levels pollution
- increased biodiversity
- more susatinable transport use
What are the 3 sources of investment?
- Private sector investment
- public sector investment
- Public-private partnership
What is an example of private-sector investment in urban regeneration?
Westfield Stratford city shopping centre in East London- now Europe’s biggest shopping centre - example of retail-led regeneration.
-An Australian property company with a 50% stake in the Centre, borrowed £700 million to build
- recovering costs by leasing space in centre for retail companies
What is an example of public-sector investment in urban regeneration?
-Londons 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games
- UK government bid for the 2012 games, supported by London assembly and its Mayor.
- Games cost £9.3 billion to host - recovered through ticketing, sponsorship and post-games apartments and housing in Athletes village.
What is an example of public-private partnerships investment in urban regeneration?
- London docklands regeneration in 1980s and 1990s.
- portrayed at market-led regeneration by actually involved a partnership between government and property developers.
- government regarded cost as an economic investment as well as being socially advantageous.
What is the Egan Wheel?
What do rural places have a disadvantage over urban?
- Regeneration is harder in rural than urban because….
-rural economy - faces major challenges - lower population - struggle to maintain sufficient customers to make profit
- private investors prefer to invest in urban
What are the 6 Cornwall regeneration projects?
- Wave hub
- Superfast broardband
- Watergate bay, Newquay
- Combined universities in Cornwall
- The Eden project
- Aerohub business park
Look at sheets on Cornwalls regeneration projects.
When you get a question in regeneration (especially 20 marker) when it says compare your local and contrasting place - what two places do you talk about?
- local - Kingston upon Thames
- Contrasting - Cornwall
Location/ context of the borough of Kingston Upon Thames
- Royal borough in South West London
- population - 168,000
- Average priced house - £722,000
- Average priced flat - £425,000
How has the borough of Kingston Upon Thames been shaped by national and regional influences?
National - part of ULEZ - part of national government attempts to reduce effects of climate change and regional attempts to improve air quality (Sadiq Khan)
Regional - Cambridge road estate (800 people) being demolished for new homes for 2000 people- locals supportable of project with lots of affordable and council housing.
Regional - superloop bus route running around London - better connectivity/infrastructure.
