Regeneration Flashcards
What are the 4 types of economies?
Primary - create + extract raw materials 1%
Secondary - manufacturer products
Tertiary - services 81%
Quaternary - scientific research - found in London + South east
What social factors can affect people’s employment opportunities?
- If they have poor health - less employment opportunities
- Engagement in education - those from low income backgrounds, with small job prospects more likely to drop out of school
But those with higher qualification -> more likely to have higher paying job -> more job opportunities
How can income affect social impacts?
More you earn -> more likely you are to have good health + live longer because ;
- Can afford preventive care/check ups
- Live in higher quality housing + less likely to affect health
-> Urban areas can affect health
An area can be classified by types of employment within a place… what are they?
- Self-employed
- Permanent contracts
These are economically active people who can gain financial security -> if there is a high % of such people in an area …-> more likely to grow economically - Temporary
- Seasonal (agriculture)
- Zero-hours
Less likely to earn more and have less financial security
-> if an area has a high proportion of these - less likely to grow economically
How many workers are there in the UK - how many are unemployed?
32 million workers in the UK
- 1.85 million unemployed
What is a function?
A function of a place serves the needs of the people who live there
What are examples of functions?
- Administrative - provides public services (schools, hospitals)
- Commercial - provides profitable services (banks)
- Industrial
- Retail
Places are likely to have a combination of these functions
How may a function of a place change over time?
A place’s dominant function is likely to change over time as economic needs change e.g online shopping has lead to a reduced retail dominant function
What is gentrification?
a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location
Planner may choose to upgrade a place’s characteristics to attract people of higher incomes
What is studentification?
- growth of uni has led to student hotspots
This has lead to: - local housing market has changed
-> more renting than buying - conflict between residents + students
- anti -social behaviour rising
- lived enviornment is worse -> student housing is often run down and not maintained
What is ethnic composition?
the ethnic group make-up of a population
What does quality of life measure?
It measures people’s levels of health + living standards, and their ability to take part in life events
What is the demographic of a place?
- who the people are and what they are like -> this often changes alongside function
for example: - new functions attract new workers
- places that are economically active attract young people + more ethnically diverse workers
Compare common demographics from rural to urban places?
Rural areas see high % of elderly people
Urban areas see higher % of a younger working population
What are reasons for change (Physical)?
The physical geography may change over time or expanding areas may run out of space
- proximity to large cities + core economic zones
- Some parts are climatically inhospitable, due to high rainfall or very low winter temperatures
What are reasons for change (Accessibility)?
- Some places are more accessible than other e.g close to main motorway
- Improved accessibility will attract more skilled workers to businesses
-> also help competition for investment
What are reasons for change (Connectedness)?
- Strongly linked to accessibility
- may mean technological connectedness - an area with 5G is more likely to attract business + investment
What are reasons for change (Historical development)?
- Historical buildings (e.g canals) can be physical assets for places seeking regeneration
- there are periods of ‘boom + bust’ which shape a place
What shapes a place (Local + National Planning)?
- How places develop is influenced by decisions made by national/local government
National Level - development funds will be allocated to different locations
-Planning regulations will prevent development e.g green belt land
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?
Attempts to quantify deprivation in different places.
Uses 7 categories
Is a fine grained index - splits the UK into 33,000 small areas
What 7 categories are used to calculate the IMD? (and order of weighting)
Income (large)
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing + services
Living environment (less)
Where are lowest levels of deprivation found in the UK?
Rural areas, communter belt towns, villages in South + South East
Apart from the IMD what other ways can we measure change to an area?
- Changes to employment trends in each sector
- Changes to house prices
- Quantitative changes to demographic data (e.g age/ethnic structure)
- Land use maps
Transport infrastructure in Maidstone
Linked to major motorways
- m20 juctions
- nearby to m2
3 train stations
- different connections around kent
Lots of schools
Many A roads around maidstone
-> suffer with high levels of congestion
Maidstone’s changing function
was previously a market town
- has industrial buisness based in Maidstone in the Industrial Revolution - wool factory
Now hold county hall (administrive)
- lots of housing + housing increasing (residential)
Regional influences on Maidstone
County town of Kent
Largely a residential town
- many schools
-> people come from outskits of Maidstone for school
Kent’s largest financial sector
National influences on Maidstone
Linked closely to London, become communter town
-> high street is mow run-down many shops closing down
-> people go outside maidstone to shop - large shopping centres nearby e.g Bluewater, Ashord Outlet
Affected by government descions on council spending money
- gov policy is to increase housing so more housing built around maidstone
National Influences on Reading/ London
Global Influences on Reading/ London
