Regeneration Flashcards
1
Q
near places
A
those which are close to use. are subjective depending on where you live.
2
Q
far places
A
those that are distant. both near and far places have a more emotional meaning
3
Q
those that are distant. both near and far places have a more emotional meaning
A
places that we have actually visited
4
Q
media places
A
places we have not visited but have learned about due to media representations
5
Q
administrative function
A
places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas. tend to be cities and towns that influence the region surrounding them e.g manchesters influence in the north west or londons influence over the south east
6
Q
commercial function
A
a location with strong business influence; many TNCs may have bases here and there is a large volume of small and large scale businesses
7
Q
retail function
A
a town or city with attractive retail facilities - markets, shopping centres, unique shops. the retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals
8
Q
industrial function
A
a location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. for example Birmingham was historically known as the black country, for its large industries of iron and steel works
9
Q
what characteristics may people have who feel at home within a certain place
A
- born in that place
- hold citizenship for that place
- fluent in local language and local idioms
- conform with social norms and behavioral traits common in that place
10
Q
how can people feel like outsiders in a place
A
- they do not belong to main ethnic group
- not accustomed with culture, social norms and dialects
- unfamiliar shops
- unfamiliar food
- different architecture
- different vehicles
11
Q
why do ethnic groups cluster over time
A
people feel more at home surrounded by people that share the same ethnicity. the clustering means that the area will adapt towards that culture overtime, which may attract more people from that ethnicity to move there
12
Q
how can the perspective of a place can change so people begin to feel like an outsider
A
- large influx of immigrants
- shops change to adapt for new cultures
- some people embrace diversity as it can make places more appealing (chinatown)
13
Q
primary employment sector
A
collection of raw materials or production of essential goods. (fishing, farming, energy production). primary is the most essential sector and the rest of the population relies on its success for food, electricity and water. primary employment is labour intensive so presents risk to physical health and s mental health (UK rural farmers can face isolation and depression, as recent studies have shown)
14
Q
secondary employment sector
A
manufacturing of raw materials, most commonly into commercial goods and machinery. may offer higher, more regular income as factories offer annual rather than seasonal work. exploitation of workers is common (long hours, dangerous chemicals, hazardous environment) - building may collapse like bangladesh’s rana palace
15
Q
tertiary employment sector
A
the provision of services such as education, operating government departments, managing businesses or selling a product. can offer better progression opportunities and high salaries but work is often office based with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
16
Q
quaternary employment sector
A
relatively new sector regarding technology based employment. can be skills-demanding. very office based so limited environmental and social interactions
17
Q
the clarke-fisher model
A
describes the stages a country may progress through as they become more economically developed
18
Q
pre-industrial
A
the majority of population work in primary sector, with a small percentage of population employed in secondary sector. this may be due to lack of infrastructure or investment preventing a country from constructing factories and establishing manufacturing industry
19
Q
industrial stage
A
the proportion of employees in the primary sector may begin to decline as land is taken up by manufacturing imports become more feasible. during these periods of time, internal rural-urban migration may occur, as families seek a better quality of life by earning a secondary job
20
Q
post-industrial stage
A
after a country industrialised, the proportion of people working in the primary sector decreases significantly. secondary jobs also decline but at a much slower rate. however, there is a big increase in the number of people in the tertiary and quaternary industry, as demand for entertainment, holidays and technology increases with an individuals disposable income.
21
Q
place character
A
relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique. place character is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors
22
Q
endogenous factors
A
those that originate from within the place and are local
23
Q
examples of endogenous factors
A
- land use
- topography
- physical geography
-infrastructure
-demographic characteristics - built environment
- location
- economic characteristics
24
Q
exogenous factors
A
those which originate from outside a place and provide a place and provide linkages and relationships with and to other places. are commonly referred to as the flows of : people, resources, ideas, money and investment
25
how can the physical location of a place influence characteristics
proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development.
26
how can the reputation of a place affect its characteristics
the attractiveness of an area may influence the assistance and funding it recieves
27
how can the infrastructure of a place affect its characteristics
roads (motorways), railways, airports allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously inaccessible locations
28
how can the competition of a place affect its characteristics
TNCs relocating to the best regions (new investments, large labour pool) alternatively, competition from other locations offering a better work environment will take business and investments away from a location
29
how can the role of planning by governments and stakeholders of a place affect its characteristics
government strategies to restructure the economy - e.g. increasing student numbers, filling skills shortages, becoming self reliant in energy or food production.
- conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions
30
how can the economy of a place affect its characteristics
the function of the place may change - administrative, commercial, retail or industrial
31
what factors can help measure change in a location
-land use changes (reduction in abandoned land)
- employment trends (changes to employment types)
- demographic changes (inward/outward migration)
- economic productivity (money generated per person)
32
index of multiple deprivation
measures: income, employment, education, health, crime, barrier to housing and services, living environment. an increase in the IoMD score could be an improvement of one of these factors or a combination of factors
33
how can occupational hazards cause inequality
people who work in manual labour jobs generally earn less than professionals in managerial positions and their life expectancy is generally lower, due to the physical strain of their work
34
how can income cause inequality
there is significant inequality in pay between the employment sectors; primary employment earns the least of average, often incomes are seasonal, whereas tertiary and quaternary employment can be some of the highest earners. this is historically due to the skills and education required for each role
35
how can life expectancy and general health cause inequality
there is a positive correlation between the level of income and an individuals life expectancy. there are many reasons for this inequality in health.
36
what are the reasons for inequality in health
- type of employment: hazardous, working conditions
- affordability of food: processed foods cheaper
- stereotypical lifestyles: drinking, smoking
37
how can educational achievements cause inequality
educational outcomes are linked with income, wealthier families can afford better education. low income families cant get further education as they are taken out of schools earlier to work (cycle of generations not achieving higher eduation)
38
examples of regeneration strategies in the UK
- construction of infrastructure (HS2, heathrow expansion, crossrail)
- retail led regeneration (liverpool water)
- marketing heritage and culture, glastonbury, multi ethnic festivals (notting hill carnival/new years fireworks london)
- construction of housing (milton keynes)
- sustainable communitites (bedZED)
39
infrastructure projects
generally expensive and so require government funding. most projects are public-private partnerships; the government provides the majority of capital needed while private companies fulfill and manage the plans
40
how are local councils involved in regeneration projects
aims to improve their borough, especially to attract new businesses, increase housing or regenerate a problematic location (abandoned, deprived or dangerous places)
41
how are department fro culture, media and sport involved in regeneration projects
markets the UKs image abroad. this department will have contributed to the london olympic park regeneration project, as well as commonwelath projects in manchester, glasgow and birmingham in 2022
42
how is the department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs involved in regeneration projects
aims to improve declining rural villages, protect eroding coastlines and improve the agricultural industry
43
how is UK trade and investment involved in regeneration projects
support UK businesses and tries to attract more foreign direct investment
44
HS2 project
proposed high speed rail network which would connect london to birmingham and then to manchester and leeds, the project is expected to cost £43b, but so far the project has gone over budget. its aim is to reduce travel times and improve connectivity between the North and South of england. an estimates 60000 jobs are expected to be created
45
the expansion of heathrow airport
(building a third runway) is expected to cost just under £20b (privately funded) and potentially create 70000 jobs. many MPs and local residents and envrionmental NGOs oppose the project as it will increase traffic travelling through heathrow and pollution
46
benefits of infrastructure regeneration
- high volume of jobs created (construction)
- improving transport links can improve migration and trade links, so increase economic productivity
47
Risks/Costs of Infrastructure Regeneration
- Some large-scale projects can be risky to agree to, as their cost can increase with inflation or changing circumstances (the price of supplies may change since original planning) e.g. HS2 railway.
- Often, infrastructure projects aren't sustainable due to the large volumes of concrete used (large CO2 output)
48
problems with housing
with a rising population, the demand for housing is increasing beyond the supply of houses for sale or rent. there is inequality in opportunities to access housing and a limited supply of social and affordable hosing despite a growing proportion of the population who need it
49
lack of social housing
after margret thatchers 'right to buy' scheme large amounts of social hosuing was bough by there accupants fro less than their market value. millions of houses were sold howerver too few were built to replace them. now people that would of been placed in social housing are now put in private housing. this rent is expensive so the government is spending billions each year on housing benefits. in 2017 the govenment spent £25b on housing benefits which is 10% of the entire welfare budget
50
empty/derelict properties
especially in the inner city, where brownfield land is more expensive to develop than greenfield. lots of private companies and investors buy this land and sit on it until either the land price increases or they get planning permission to build on it
51
overseas investors buying properties has seen house prices rise
investor visas attract wealthy individuals (oligarchs from russion) who can afford multiple high value properties in elite locations. many properties are left empty or are rented out
52
increasing numbers of rich people buying second properties to rent
this increase in buy-to-let properties has reduced the number of properties available to buy which has increased property prices and also the price of rent. this is especially difficult for first time buyers
53
recent framework by government to increase housing supply
- often in suburbs or towns and cities, due to large, cheap expanse of land available whilst in close proximity to the job opportunites in the city centre
- required to provide a variety of housing
- must cater services for influx of children to educate
- sustainability must be considered - envronmental degradation and air/noise pollution
54
benefits of housing construction
- Increases supply of housing which is a major issue facing the UK currently.
- Some construction jobs are created in the process.
- Construction projects build a variety of housing, to cater for a variety of people - first-time buyers & families in affordable multiple bedroom houses, apartments for young people.
55
risks/costs of housing construction
- greenfield developments are more profitable so habitats are lost and natural environments damaged
- limited projects to increase social hosing
- lots of housing classed as 'affordable' isnt
56
the trickle down theory for the benefits of gentrification
- investors spend money in services and local businesses
- workers spend disposable income on other local businesses
- both investors and businesses pay more tax, so local council can spend more on services (schools, doctors, infrastructure) and improvements (frequent road sweeps, improving local parks) from which everyone in the local area benefits
57
benefits of gentrification
- Potential economic growth as the wealth of a few trickles down into the local society.
- Improved surroundings and new facilities may be constructed, which can benefit all.
58
risks/costs of gentrification
- Lack of variety of housing - all high-value apartments - so gentrification schemes won't benefit first-time buyers or families.
- Often, gentrification schemes don't build any social housing, so there is still a shortage in supply
59
projects focused on the rebradning or development of culture:
- regeneration of east london in aims of hosting international olympics and paralympics
- retail parks built on disused industrial land (trafford centre, salford quays or liverpool water)
- rebranding of declining cities - belfast, glasgow, blackpool - to attract investment, tourism and inward migration
60
benefits of cultural regeneration
- Most projects use disused industrial brownfield land, which is sustainable.
- Retail and cultural projects can benefit all - increased local facilities, rising local reputation, new job opportunities, celebration of different faiths.
61
risks/costs of cultural regeneration
- Due to the scale of some projects (trying to improve the entire city of Belfast, for example), improvements may be long-term and not immediately benefit the locals.
62
rural regeneration
rural regions are some of the most deprived in the uk due to lack of opportunities for young people in education and employment, social isolation of minority groups and physical isolation from services and public transport. industries which were ones the centre of a towns economy such as coal mines have shut down sleaving towns to enter a spiral of decline
63
bronte country
rural villages with ties to english literature and heritage receive large national and international tourists, which can benefit local businesses (shops, accomodation, cafes) and local people (employment opportunities) in haworth regeneration is focused on attracting more toruists by refronting shops in a victorian style and running events (e.g. 1940s weekend, hosting the tour de france)
64
the eden project
the eden project is a sustainable development in cornwall with the local aim of attracting tourists and providing employment and economic opportunities for local cornish businesses. built from an abandoned clay pit, the eden project has contributed £700m in local economic growth and will soon provide renewable geothermal energy for 7000 local homes
65
kielder forest
this lakeside retreat has developed a campsite, rented accomodation and an observatory, which attracts tourists all year round. however, kielder can become snowed in and attractions closed due to adverse weather conditions
66
how does rural agriculture diversify
providing specialised products or outdoor adventure activities. for example, farms may have a farm shop, a maize maze, paintballing, or other outside activities
67
migration policy making
a government may encourage international migration to fill gaps in employment or attract wealthy individuals through investor visa schemes. it may be necessary for a government to restrict migration to avoid strain on public services.
68
deregulation of markets policy making
by deregulation, a government removes its control over a particular industry or service. this may mean private companies purchase previously state-owned businesses (privatisation) or sudden competition between businesses accelerates
69
creating business environments policy making
the creation of specialised industry parks can encourage businesses to move to a region or new start up businesses. investors may be domestic (local) or international, depending on the attraction to the region: workforce available, technology available, reputation.
70
how is economic regeneration measured
best measured by comparing employment rates, the local economys size, industrial productivity, before and after the scheme
71
how is social regeneration measured
may involve increased life expectancy, literacy rates, decreased applicants for social housing, reductions in social tension or changes to lifestyle (smoking habits, obesity, type of food bought)
72
how is living environment regeneration measured
reduced air pollution, abandoned land utilised or an increase in green, open spaces
73
how is sustainability of a scheme measured
the volume of carbon dioxide emitted, proportion of greenfield: brownfield land used, number of jobs created, how long the scheme is expected to benefit locals
74
how many homes were built for the 2012 olympic games
- 2,800 homes with affordable rent built, unaffordable for newhams poorest households
- london legacy development corporation lowered target of affordable housing from 50% to 31%
75
how much investment was brought into london for the olympics
over £9bn of investment to east london, a large amount went into transport
76
facilities brought to london for the olympics
-aquitics centre open to the public
- improved quality of life for the residents
- west ham football team moved into the main stadium
77
quality of life for residents in stratford
- 4964 jobs were removed to make way for the olympic park
- 1/4 families live in overcrowded properties
- in 2015 over 16,000 households on the housing waiting list
- decontaminated lea river, improving local health, and made once derelict land a pleasant and attractive place to be
78
how is london economically different from the rest of the UK
- generated 1/5 of the uk economic growth
- best careers are in london - attracts lots of talent
- 24% of the population think london damages the economy
79
productivity in london compared to the uk
-44.3% more work is done in london
80
consumer economy in london
- good dining and shopping exist as there are customers
- huge amount of choice which leads to competition so high standards
81
foreign investment in london
- historical importance attracts foreign investment
- battersea power station being developed into housing by malaysian investors
- high house prices
- flats are demolished
- londoners are being pushed out of the city
82
transport in london
- population in london is growing rapidly, vulnerable to overcrowding
- cross-rail is using £6bn of national tax
- 10m people living in london by 2031
83
where is liverpool located?
north-west england, on the west side of the mersey estuary adjacent to the irish sea, county of lancashire
84
where is stockport located?
north-west england, county of greater manchester, south of city centre
85
what kind of work do locals do in liverpool
20% in professionals
15% administrative
12% trades workers
86
what kind of work is done in stockport
50% of residents work in professional and technical occupations
87
unemployment rate of liverpool 2023
4.6%
88
unemployment rate of stockport 2024
4.1%
89
population composition in liverpool 2023
91% white (81% white british)
3% asian
1.9% black
90
population composition in stockport 2023
87.4% white (92.1% in 2011)
2.6% mixed
91
average salary in stockport 2024
£30,935 - males earn 19.4% more
7.34% less than the national average
92
average salary in liverpool
£33,000 - males earn 8.4% more
93
education levels in stockport
7.3% of people have no qualifications
6.6% is national average
94
education levels in liverpool
7.9% of people have no qualifications
95
population of stockport 2024
295,200
96
population of liverpool
923,000
97
average house price in stockport
£316,675
£294,910 as national average
98
average house price in liverpool
£209,527
99
why was liverpool in need of regeneration
after a decline in the shipping industry liverpool suffered a considerable urban decline. the liverpool one regeneration had aims to revive the cities fortune
100
what regeneration has been done in stockport
- regneration of underbanks (marketplace), an area where small businesses can thrive
- red rock, create a night life, businesses and parking
- mersey way shopping centre currently under construction
- bus station regeneration
- stockport exchange
- multistory car park near train station
- holiday inn express 115 bed hotel
- £10m industrial estate
- road to manchester airport
101
how much did liverpool one cost
£500m to construct with investment value of £920
102
how much money has been spent regenerating stockport
over £1 billion has been injected into the town
103
was liverpool one successful
It took Liverpool into the top five most popular shopping destinations in the UK. New businesses were springing up, and over 40% of Liverpool One's retailers are new to the Liverpool area.
104
was regeneration in stockport successful
Stockport was awarded 7.8 out of 10 for healthcare, 7.6 out of 10 for 'happiness' of residents, and 9.2 out of 10 for parks and playing fields. Its average house price of £285,000 was also rated as being a more affordable option for those wanting to purchase a retirement property. Stockport is one of 12 towns featured on the list of the most desirable towns and neighbourhoods for first time buyers to set up home.
105
liverpool health stats
poor health = 9,722 (2.10%)
good health = 217,977 (46.70%)
106
stockport health stats
poor health = 3,418 (1.2%)
good health = 135,500 (47.80%)
107
how has population size changed in stockport
2011 = 283,000
2021 = 294,000
increase of 4.1% - lower than average for england (6.6%)
108
how has liverpool changed throughout time
- 58 million people visit liverpool each year
- 8 museums and galleries
- marinas - boats
- liverpool one
- knowledge quarter - 3 hospital
- companies moving in (landrover)
- most continental city in britain
109
how much of liverpools population are students
15%
brings intelligence and consumers to the city - buyers of property - huge increase in rental properties demand (22-25% increase in rental value)
110
gender gap in liverpool
51% female
48% male
111
gender gap in stockport
51% female
48% male
112
what is the age of liverpools population
30.7% under the age of 25
113
stockport IMD
in 2019 the majority of stockport city centre was categorised as most deprived decile with surrounding areas mainly being ranked 3rd-4th
114
liverpool IMD
in 2019 liverpool city centre was mainly ranked 3rd-4th however some areas were ranked 8th, areas surrounding liverpool are all ranked as the most deprived decile
115
how is liverpool influencial globally
- major port for the mass movement of people (slaves and emigrant from northern europe to america)
- the worlds first commerical wet dock in 1715
- music - the beetles
116
how is stockport influential
home to the countrys hat industry
117
stockport personal wellbeing data
life satisfaction = 7.8
worthwhile = 7.8
happiness = 7.3
anxiety = 3.5
all rates out of 10 (2020 data)
118
liverpool personal wellbeing data
life satisfaction = 7.5
worthwhile = 7.8
happiness = 7.3
anxiety = 3.2
all rates out of 10 (2020 data)
119
what is santa clara like?
- companies like google, apple and yahoo are located there
- good transportation - buses, bikes
- nice weather - rainstorms
120
how much do homes cost in santa clara
average house price is $1.3m
121
the rust belt, detroit
- population has shrunk by 2m people to under 800,000
- bad credit scores - many are unable to buy houses - people leave the city
- car industry - ford, chevrolet and crysta were the big three
122
two kensingtons
london - conservative, average salery £69,000, child poverty rate <5%, place gardens (most expensive street in london - £43m per house), home to the daily mail
liverpool - labour, £25,000, child poverty rate 45%, liverpool community radio,
123
why do people not vote
42% didnt vote in the general election.
- less than 18 years or in prison cant vote
-31m people that are elegible to vote dont
- their chosen party has no chance
- their chosen party will win anyway
- hate all the partys
124
why does not everyone agree on regeneration? stratford, london
- excited at first - recognition for their area
- positive cleaning of the area (canals) high levels of pollution for many years (factories, cars, planes)
- too many people in small area - cant handle
- lack of services due to high demand (doctors)
- the globe - many opposing
125
what will regeneration bring to stockport
- 5,000 new jobs
- 1,100 new homes
- improved local transport infrastructure
126
manchester airport regeneration
- £1b investment
- large runways
- improved transport links to and from
- improved car parking
127
britains housing crisis
- 225,000 homes need to be built each year to cope with demand
- 1/3 of MPs are landlords - rejected law to make rented houses safe to live in
- luxury apartments being built - not accessible to the people that need them
- immigration - overcrowding, unliveable conditions
128
NETpark development
- opened in 2004
- centre for advanced instrumentation
- designed a chip for NASAs mars curiosity rover
- many businesses move in
- NETpark explorer - £7.4m development in 2017
129
tensions due to london olympics developement
- many people loose their homes
- given false hope of improvement
- people are viewed as a problem
130
powys rural development
- solar panels
- b-bug project 2011 - visitors travel around in an ecological way
- 91% of visitors travel by car - motorhomes
131
what was the image of liverpool before regeneration
- poor
- low income/employment
- rundown
132
bronte country
- 3 bronte sister - open viewing home - tourism
- small village vibe - cobbled streets
133
regeneration of manchester
- was the heart of the industrial revolution (production of textiles)
- during the 19th century 1/3 of the worlds cotton was in manchester
- 4 universities
- fastest growing tech hub in europe
- 100,000 residents expected to move to the city centre by 2025
- 65,000 jobs creates by 2036
- granada studios - coronation street
134
inequalities between north and south
- the contribution to the UK economy is 40% lower in northern regions compared to the south
- high percentage of hospitality jobs in the north (lower income)
- professional job sectors in the south
- proximity to the capital means higher skills in the south
135
