Regeneration Flashcards
near places
those which are close to use. are subjective depending on where you live.
far places
those that are distant. both near and far places have a more emotional meaning
those that are distant. both near and far places have a more emotional meaning
places that we have actually visited
media places
places we have not visited but have learned about due to media representations
administrative function
places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas. tend to be cities and towns that influence the region surrounding them e.g manchesters influence in the north west or londons influence over the south east
commercial function
a location with strong business influence; many TNCs may have bases here and there is a large volume of small and large scale businesses
retail function
a town or city with attractive retail facilities - markets, shopping centres, unique shops. the retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals
industrial function
a location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. for example Birmingham was historically known as the black country, for its large industries of iron and steel works
what characteristics may people have who feel at home within a certain place
- born in that place
- hold citizenship for that place
- fluent in local language and local idioms
- conform with social norms and behavioral traits common in that place
how can people feel like outsiders in a place
- they do not belong to main ethnic group
- not accustomed with culture, social norms and dialects
- unfamiliar shops
- unfamiliar food
- different architecture
- different vehicles
why do ethnic groups cluster over time
people feel more at home surrounded by people that share the same ethnicity. the clustering means that the area will adapt towards that culture overtime, which may attract more people from that ethnicity to move there
how can the perspective of a place can change so people begin to feel like an outsider
- large influx of immigrants
- shops change to adapt for new cultures
- some people embrace diversity as it can make places more appealing (chinatown)
primary employment sector
collection of raw materials or production of essential goods. (fishing, farming, energy production). primary is the most essential sector and the rest of the population relies on its success for food, electricity and water. primary employment is labour intensive so presents risk to physical health and s mental health (UK rural farmers can face isolation and depression, as recent studies have shown)
secondary employment sector
manufacturing of raw materials, most commonly into commercial goods and machinery. may offer higher, more regular income as factories offer annual rather than seasonal work. exploitation of workers is common (long hours, dangerous chemicals, hazardous environment) - building may collapse like bangladesh’s rana palace
tertiary employment sector
the provision of services such as education, operating government departments, managing businesses or selling a product. can offer better progression opportunities and high salaries but work is often office based with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
quaternary employment sector
relatively new sector regarding technology based employment. can be skills-demanding. very office based so limited environmental and social interactions
the clarke-fisher model
describes the stages a country may progress through as they become more economically developed
pre-industrial
the majority of population work in primary sector, with a small percentage of population employed in secondary sector. this may be due to lack of infrastructure or investment preventing a country from constructing factories and establishing manufacturing industry
industrial stage
the proportion of employees in the primary sector may begin to decline as land is taken up by manufacturing imports become more feasible. during these periods of time, internal rural-urban migration may occur, as families seek a better quality of life by earning a secondary job
post-industrial stage
after a country industrialised, the proportion of people working in the primary sector decreases significantly. secondary jobs also decline but at a much slower rate. however, there is a big increase in the number of people in the tertiary and quaternary industry, as demand for entertainment, holidays and technology increases with an individuals disposable income.
place character
relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique. place character is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors
endogenous factors
those that originate from within the place and are local
examples of endogenous factors
- land use
- topography
- physical geography
-infrastructure
-demographic characteristics - built environment
- location
- economic characteristics
exogenous factors
those which originate from outside a place and provide a place and provide linkages and relationships with and to other places. are commonly referred to as the flows of : people, resources, ideas, money and investment
how can the physical location of a place influence characteristics
proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development.
how can the reputation of a place affect its characteristics
the attractiveness of an area may influence the assistance and funding it recieves
how can the infrastructure of a place affect its characteristics
roads (motorways), railways, airports allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously inaccessible locations
how can the competition of a place affect its characteristics
TNCs relocating to the best regions (new investments, large labour pool) alternatively, competition from other locations offering a better work environment will take business and investments away from a location
how can the role of planning by governments and stakeholders of a place affect its characteristics
government strategies to restructure the economy - e.g. increasing student numbers, filling skills shortages, becoming self reliant in energy or food production.
- conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions
how can the economy of a place affect its characteristics
the function of the place may change - administrative, commercial, retail or industrial
what factors can help measure change in a location
-land use changes (reduction in abandoned land)
- employment trends (changes to employment types)
- demographic changes (inward/outward migration)
- economic productivity (money generated per person)
index of multiple deprivation
measures: income, employment, education, health, crime, barrier to housing and services, living environment. an increase in the IoMD score could be an improvement of one of these factors or a combination of factors
how can occupational hazards cause inequality
people who work in manual labour jobs generally earn less than professionals in managerial positions and their life expectancy is generally lower, due to the physical strain of their work
how can income cause inequality
there is significant inequality in pay between the employment sectors; primary employment earns the least of average, often incomes are seasonal, whereas tertiary and quaternary employment can be some of the highest earners. this is historically due to the skills and education required for each role
how can life expectancy and general health cause inequality
there is a positive correlation between the level of income and an individuals life expectancy. there are many reasons for this inequality in health.
what are the reasons for inequality in health
- type of employment: hazardous, working conditions
- affordability of food: processed foods cheaper
- stereotypical lifestyles: drinking, smoking
how can educational achievements cause inequality
educational outcomes are linked with income, wealthier families can afford better education. low income families cant get further education as they are taken out of schools earlier to work (cycle of generations not achieving higher eduation)
examples of regeneration strategies in the UK
- construction of infrastructure (HS2, heathrow expansion, crossrail)
- retail led regeneration (liverpool water)
- marketing heritage and culture, glastonbury, multi ethnic festivals (notting hill carnival/new years fireworks london)
- construction of housing (milton keynes)
- sustainable communitites (bedZED)
infrastructure projects
generally expensive and so require government funding. most projects are public-private partnerships; the government provides the majority of capital needed while private companies fulfill and manage the plans
how are local councils involved in regeneration projects
aims to improve their borough, especially to attract new businesses, increase housing or regenerate a problematic location (abandoned, deprived or dangerous places)
how are department fro culture, media and sport involved in regeneration projects
markets the UKs image abroad. this department will have contributed to the london olympic park regeneration project, as well as commonwelath projects in manchester, glasgow and birmingham in 2022
how is the department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs involved in regeneration projects
aims to improve declining rural villages, protect eroding coastlines and improve the agricultural industry
how is UK trade and investment involved in regeneration projects
support UK businesses and tries to attract more foreign direct investment
HS2 project
proposed high speed rail network which would connect london to birmingham and then to manchester and leeds, the project is expected to cost £43b, but so far the project has gone over budget. its aim is to reduce travel times and improve connectivity between the North and South of england. an estimates 60000 jobs are expected to be created
the expansion of heathrow airport
(building a third runway) is expected to cost just under £20b (privately funded) and potentially create 70000 jobs. many MPs and local residents and envrionmental NGOs oppose the project as it will increase traffic travelling through heathrow and pollution
benefits of infrastructure regeneration
- high volume of jobs created (construction)
- improving transport links can improve migration and trade links, so increase economic productivity
Risks/Costs of Infrastructure Regeneration
- Some large-scale projects can be risky to agree to, as their cost can increase with inflation or changing circumstances (the price of supplies may change since original planning) e.g. HS2 railway.
- Often, infrastructure projects aren’t sustainable due to the large volumes of concrete used (large CO2 output)
problems with housing
with a rising population, the demand for housing is increasing beyond the supply of houses for sale or rent. there is inequality in opportunities to access housing and a limited supply of social and affordable hosing despite a growing proportion of the population who need it
lack of social housing
after margret thatchers ‘right to buy’ scheme large amounts of social hosuing was bough by there accupants fro less than their market value. millions of houses were sold howerver too few were built to replace them. now people that would of been placed in social housing are now put in private housing. this rent is expensive so the government is spending billions each year on housing benefits. in 2017 the govenment spent £25b on housing benefits which is 10% of the entire welfare budget
empty/derelict properties
especially in the inner city, where brownfield land is more expensive to develop than greenfield. lots of private companies and investors buy this land and sit on it until either the land price increases or they get planning permission to build on it
overseas investors buying properties has seen house prices rise
investor visas attract wealthy individuals (oligarchs from russion) who can afford multiple high value properties in elite locations. many properties are left empty or are rented out
increasing numbers of rich people buying second properties to rent
this increase in buy-to-let properties has reduced the number of properties available to buy which has increased property prices and also the price of rent. this is especially difficult for first time buyers
recent framework by government to increase housing supply
- often in suburbs or towns and cities, due to large, cheap expanse of land available whilst in close proximity to the job opportunites in the city centre
- required to provide a variety of housing
- must cater services for influx of children to educate
- sustainability must be considered - envronmental degradation and air/noise pollution
benefits of housing construction
- Increases supply of housing which is a major issue facing the UK currently.
- Some construction jobs are created in the process.
- Construction projects build a variety of housing, to cater for a variety of people - first-time buyers & families in affordable multiple bedroom houses, apartments for young people.
