Regeneration Flashcards
How did Glasgow regenerate?
- Used to be an industrial shipbuilding city until global shift.
- “People make Glasgow” was allocated £1.4 million over two years in hopes of generating 1000 jobs and £42 million in investment.
- COP26 was held there on climate change.
- BBC’s scotland branch is headquartered in glasgow.
- European Capital of culture in 1990
- Commonwealth games 2014
- Burrell art collection.
Has San Francisco been successful as a city?
Success:
* largest port on the pacific ocean
* Large amount of tourism, 5th most visited city in USA
* 94% employment rate
* Google have headquarters there
* Average household income in Silicon valley just over $100,000
* Large workforce at 71.5% (18-65)
* Prestigious universities such as Stanford and Berkely.
Lack of success:
* 17% poverty rate in San Francisco
* Average house price is of $1,009,500
* Large income disparity and heavily specialised jobs such as Tech.
How has the spiral of decline affected detroit?
- 200,000 manufacturing jobs down to 20,000
- 67% of homicides are drug related, showing that the people of detroit are turning to drugs for income
- Unemployment was 23.1% in 2010.
- Half of Detroits property owners did not pay tax in 2012, denying city of $131 million in taxes
- Student enrollment has decreased by over 60%
How has the national government encouraged regeneration
- National infrastructure projects - HS2. Link to Leeds was cancelled, $41 billion was predicted to be generated from HS2 directly and indirectly through regen schemes. Predicted cost increase from $32 billion to $98 billion.
- International infrastructure projects to increase tourism and FDI - Third runway, Heathrow. 40% of UK’s export to non-eu countries go through Heathrow. Possibly generate £7 bilion for the economy. Carbon emisisons will increase, Heathrow emits 6% of UK’s emissions.
- Fracking - USA has seen fracking kick-starting the economy. Large shale rock reserves are found in many countries. Become safer as large indirect tax on the gas can be used to reduce negative environment. However, it is still new and should not be relied on. Contamination of water supplies with methane and other chemicals happened in Wyoming. Rishi Sunak banned fracking in 2022.
How has local government encouraged regeneration?
- local enterprise zones - designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and government support. Up to 100% business rate discount worth up to 275,000 per business over a 5-year period. 100% tax relief to businesses making large investments in plant and machinery in 8 zones.
- Better transport links - Crossrail - from Ealing to Bexly, there are 8 regeneration and “social council cleansing” schemes that have been designated due to the opening of the Elizabeth line. Better interconnectivity improves the value of the area, making it more likely to be gentrified.
- Science and business parks - Cambridge science park, 1970. Astra-zeneca setting up there. 7250 employees, 130 companies. Leading scientific development, especially during Covid.
- Olympics 2012
- Retail-led regeneration - Westfield Shephard’s Bush and Stratford.
What is regional significance?
Significance to local borough/town/city.
What is national significance?
Significance to the country itself.
What is global significance?
How globalisation affected the place.
What is international significance?
Connections to other regions.
What was Harrow’s historical significance?
- Regional - Harrow-on-the-hill was the centre of Harrow until the early 20th century.
- National - Harrow School was commissioned in the mid 16th century, teaching famous prime ministers such as Winston Churchill and Robert Peel. Robert Peel is credited for the creation of the metropolitan police force.
- International - India’s first prime minster, Nehru, was taught here.
What is Harrow’s modern significance?
- Regional - Harrow-on-the-hill is now an educational hub, with schools such as St Dominic’s College and Roxeth Primary school along with Harrow school.
- National - Harrow School is still functional. A symbol of prestige for the country, teaching famous people such as Benefict Cumberbatch.
- Global - Warner Bros shot Harry potter there. Teaching many international students such as King Hussein of Jordan.
- International - International Harrow school in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
What is the historical significance of Redruth?
- Regional - Redruth’s mines provided a large amount of employment for the local citizens. Largest steel mines in the country, becoming one of the largest revenue source for Cornwall.
- National - Largest steel and tin mines in the country. Once one of the richest towns in Britain, fueling the british Empire.
- Global - Miners left to South Africa, and South America. Influenced architecture in Real de Monte.
What is the significance for Redruth today?
- Regional - transport hub for cornwall, going to London Paddington. Redruth tourism based around mines for historical purposes.
- Historical - last mine near redruth closed in 1998, South Crofty tin mine which was mined for 400 years.
- National - Operation Goodnight scheme - Close Hill estate was put under 9pm curfew as an experiment. 60% of antisocial behaviour. Bad perception of Redruth.
- Global - Redruth is twinned with Real De Monte, Mexico, due to cornish miners.
- International - Due to Cornwall’s fibre optic scheme, Redruth is a part of one of the most network counties in the UK.
How has Harrow changed its functions and characteristics overtime?
Function:
* Harrow has become more of an educational hub with the opening of St Dominic’s Sixth Form college and Roxeth Primary School and St Anselm’s. However, it has mostly stayed within the quarternary sector of education anyway.
* Tourism around Harrow School - 10,000 visitors each year.
* Harrow has become a major transport hub with the advent of the London Underground, TFL buses and national rail. It is served by 3 stations, Sudbury Hill Harrow, Harrow-on-the-hill and South Harrow stations, all entering centre of London with routes. Buses to Heathrow Central, X140. 10.9 million annual exists and entries in 2017. Transport hub due to globalisation.
Characteristics:
* Very large demographic change. White individuals dropped from 60% of population in 2001 to 43% in 2021, becoming the “majority minority” Asians 27% in 2001, 36% in 2021. This is reflected in “The Connoiseur”, and indian restaurant.
* Harrow has seen little regeneration projects, mostly just preservation. Harrow Park is a Tier II* listed Park and Garden. No building on the site is allowed without permission from the Harrow Council. Because of this, IMD is top 50% most deprived in terms of barriers to housing.
*Harrow-on-the-hill has always been an affluent neigbourhood, General IMD score in top 10% least deprived. Employment IMD score is 32,214.
How has Redruth changed its functions and characteristics over time?
Function:
* Redruth has suffered under deindustrialisation, with last mine closing in 1998. Redruth’s economy is based around museums on the mining industry and its town centre commercial district.
Characteristics:
* Redruth is one of the most deprived places in the UK, IMD top 10% most deprived. Used to be one of the richest towns in the UK.
* Employment deprivation has increased due to deindustrialisation, IMD of 556.
* Little demographic change, steadily around 98% white, in 2021 96.6% of Redruth was white.
