regeneration Flashcards
Why did the London Docklands become derelict and what did it cause?
Due to containerism size of ships were too large for the Thames. As a result of this London docklands became disused & between 1978-1983 12,000 jobs were lost with 60% of adult men unemployed with dereliction of docks. Nearby industries also closed as they relied on don the ports for their raw materials. Pop of the area declined by 10,000 people and crime considerable rose as there were increased levels of deprivation.
Who led regeneration?
The London dockland development corporation- LDDC who bought together key players such as property owners, architects, construction companies and investors. Companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings and LDDC focused on 3 main things- econ growth, infrastructure and housing.
What economic growth occurred in canary wharf?
LLDCs flagship project was canary wharf, London’s second CBD. Huge transformation took place in landuse and employment and contained high rise office buildings to stimulate quaternary employment creating high earning jobs with ‘trickle down’. Companies in canary wharf investment banks and knowledge economy jobs . 100,000 commuters travel in and no longer londons most deprived borough. However, 27% of newhams pop <7£
How did infrastructure change under the LDDC?
Jubilee line was extended, dev of dockland light railways has occured. Building of new roads & creation of gatwick.
How the population and housing demographics under the LDDC change?
Older people moved out replaced by younger Pop with average age 31. Large scale immigration increased mix with Newham now the most ethnically diverse borough.
What was the right to buy scheme and why did it fail?
> in 1980s gov introduced right to buy scheme. Giving LIF opportunity to buy it at a reduced price. A lot of east end housing than transferred from public to private sector. Social housing declined forcing low income families out. 1 of the aims of dockland regen was to increase housing supply . New housing was more expensive as gentrification occurred with poorer people concentrated in tower hamlets with the lowest life expectancy in London in 2012 of 77 years.
What causes people to identify with places?
> Physical landscapes, resulting from geology and landscape processes such as erosion (headlands)
Human landscapes, linked to physical factors, local geology has produced Yorkshire gritstone buildings
Economic past, Leeds town hall dates from city’s wealthy Victorian industrial past. Many of west and south Yorkshires towns and cities have grand buildings
Religious past- churches
Food and drink with local specialties
How its portrayed in the media books, film and TV often characterize places i.e. coronation street
What is rebranding?
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors.
what are quaternary jobs and what decides where quaternary jobs are located?
Usually called the Knowledge economy and provides highly specialised jobs in finance, law and IT. The biggest of these fields is banking and finance; international banks in London generate huge wealth. Quaternary industries can locate anywhere, so described as ‘footloose’. heir locations are often chose =n based on where there is the most connectivity ( broadband and transport links) or financial incentives such as (low tax rates) much of these concentrated in london docklands.
What are the 5 types of socio-economic inequalities?
Regional variations, QoL variations, occupation and life expectancy variations, income and health variations, Education achievement variations.
Why are the causes of regional variations?
Incomes vary regionally because for example the incomes in London are the highest because;
> its the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions of the government the civil service and major company headquarters.
>those who work in the Docklands-based knowledge economy have higher incomes than average
> 58% of jobs in London occur in the 3 highest income categories, and only 22% of jobs in lowest 3 categories.
What causes variations in quality of life?
Workers in south east England have higher incomes but housing costs are also higher there. In 2015, Hamptons estate agents produced a ‘happiness map’. Map used GIS and found that people were happiest were house prices were the lowest thus northerners were the most happy.
What causes variations in occupation and life expectancy?
A persons occupation has social consequences. By recording parental occupation at birth and a persons occupation when they die, relationship between 2 variables can be explored. 5-6 year difference in life expectancy between the highest and lowest occupations. Lowest in managerial jobs and lowest in routine workers.
What causes variations in income and health?
lowest incomes are most deprived and in 2011 census people were asked to record their state of health. Population divided into deciles. Top 10% are the most deprived whilst least deprived are in decile 10.
What causes variation in educational achievement?
London has the highest number of GCSE passes as well as the % of those qualified up to uni degree level. London has the highest in each column, with North East England the lowest. This is has a result of the poor quality schools else where as well as people with higher grades are likely to move to London with children passing GSCEs with high grades as a result of a home culture of doing homework.
What is re-imaging?
How the image of a place is changed e.g. changing how it is portrayed in the media. This term is used by those in charge of regeneration and rebranding, also by tourist agencies when developing new images of particular places.
What are the 3 main causes of change?
Globalisation, employment change, Inward migration.
How does globalisation contribute to the change of a place?
Global shift to Asia affected manufacturing in London. Container revolution in shipping badly affected east London with closure of port leading to internal migration as people left family networks to find work elsewhere. Pop characteristics changed, as one population left another and replaced them. Leading to break up of family and communities. Bethnal green pop consists of many people who work in London’s global knowledge economy. At work all day, and are more likely to eat in resteraunts than shop in local markets so little sense of community.
How has employment change lead to changing places?
More people are in higher paying jobs in 1951 census 18% of the UK pop had professional or managerial occupations whereas in 2011 it was 31%. More people buy their own property now- and also invest in it- so many urban areas have been re-urbanised with inward migration, regeneration revitalizing places. But newcomers have also displaced previous residents as house prices rise. Therefore many have been forced away from the places they have grown up in.
How has inward migration led to changing places?
AA growing economy and ageing population has led to a need for overseas migrants to provide workers, inward migration changes the character of places. Former residents may be less likely to identify with their local area once they leave. However also creates new identities with ethnic enclaves in bricklane has seen waves of migrants escaping persecution leading to large Bangladeshi community.
What quantitative techniques can be used to investigate change?
They can be primary or secondary.
1.surveys- Quality of life relates to peoples wellbeing in social/environmental/economic senses.
> socially including health, safety, Qo housing, and sense of community.
>Environmentally, includes Qo air, buildings or noise.
Social data collected using a quality of life survey
and environmental factors can be measured using a
>decibel meter- app on phone
>an environmental quality survey (EQS) each with a numerical score
2.Profiling
Uses census data to indentify pop characteristics of an area from ONS website showing indicators such as the MDI
What qualitative approaches can be used for investigating change?
- Photos- source of fascination, and mean that you can study your own place using images older photos can be used to emphasis the change that has occurred.
2.Interviews- Can help record peoples lived experience. Can be structured ( everyone asked same question) or semi structured ( core questions for everyone .)
How sydney a global city?
in 2015 Sydney pop reached a record 4.8 million- an increase of 400,000 in 4 years, due to mostly international migration. Over 1.2 mil brits live in australia with 30% of sydneys pop born overseas. Making sydney 1 of the worlds most multicultral cities; 250 languages are spoken there.
WHat factors have led to sydeny being defined as a successful place?
Sydney most multicultrual city with strengths in the knowledge sector. with gross regional product of 473.28 billion in the year ending June 2022.
> Overseas banks and TNCs leading finacial centre of asia-pacific region.
> In 2011 over 450,000 businesses based in sydney with 2/3 regional headquaters of global TNCs.
> Young eeconomically active workforce median age of 36. Brain drain in outback.
> Low levels of multiple deprevation. Sydney has areas of deprevation but employemnt lvls high with high average incomes.
How have australias government embraced globalisation?
Knowledge economy employers are footloose- not tied to raw materials, so can locate anywhere. Time zone enables business trading between USA and UK essential for investment banks.
Gov has:
> De-regulated banking and finance ( allowing for overseas banks to locate there)
Focusing the countrys inward migration policy on well-qualified professionals. Skills are in short supply and must be supported by inward migration.
WHat are the costs of sydney becoming ‘successful’.
Average income higher than in the UK at $82,000 a year- 7th highest of any city but expensive to live their because of demand, property in sydney is extremely expensive; ranks between the worlds 5th and 15th most expensive city. However 10th in QoL.
What is the sunbelt and how has it been beneficial for sydney?
Sydney’s climate makes it a sunbelt city- cities with warm and sunny climates experienced massive growth. Many are in the USA, where companies have moved away from colder north-east. Leading to growth of gated communities for HIE- creating estates paying high annual fees.
What is the rust-belt?
Rust belt refers to the decline in heavy manufacturing. Once worlds biggest heavy industrial region, with coal, steel and egineering. However, decline has been continous since the 1950s leading to deindustrialisation.
WHat are the causes of deindustrialisation in the rust belt?
> overseas companies produce cheaper coal and steel
> mining companies have mechanised to cut costs ( resulting in job losses)
> Lower wage costs in the south-eatern USA have led to the relocation of steel and car industries (80,000 jobs lost in michigin in car manu between 1993-2008)
How is the coal industry supported today?
Coal industry only survives because og gov subsidies because of government subsidies that keep prices low- costing US $2.9bn in 2014-15. WIthout subsidies companies cannot compete globally and would be forced to close- causing a negative multiplier of decline seen in beautyville where brain drain, high unemployement, crime, reduced revs for local cauncil as les VAT paid, as well as increased benefits.
WHat problems face beautyville?
Coal industry decline created many problems in 2012 census was one of the poorest towns located in kentucky. Population of 1270 mainly living in trailer homes and log cabins with sink estate rep for poverty and crime.
> median houshold income was 12000$ whilst national median 54000$
> 1/2 families below pov line
> 1/3 teenagers without graduating high school and 5% of residents have college degrees
> Homelessness forced families to live together with 3 gens under one roof.
> Drug crime rife with in 2013 it accounting for 56% of accidental deaths.
> life expenctancy 8 years below us average at 60yrs old.
WHat occured in grampound ?
In 2014 crowd gathered in grampound village of 800 people in mid cornwall. There for opening of new community shop. Signicficant as due to being located in mid cornwall struggles to keep basic services as a result many stop form way home from work to buy neccesities rather than in village with store closing in 2013 in grampound.
Why was the community shop significant?
2011 census data revealed that 25% of grampounds pop aged 65+ and 1/3 of households consisted of single people. Cornwall has lowest mean weekly income in the UK and highest % ownership of old feul inefficent cars so to relieve travel costs and social isolation shopping locally for day to day neccessities help relieve this. A community shop and coffee solution to these issues.
How did grampound display community action?
In 2008 won competition, run by calor to find the UKs best community. WIn south west region and came second in UK finals. Calor commented that societies and clubs helped build strong sense of belonging and engagement in the village.
> out of 280 households 257 became shareholders raising, 20500£
> Price country side Fund, gave 19,000£
> Grants from parish council gave 10,000£
In total raising over £50,000
How do people become enganged in an area?
> key people- who are willing to stand for elections, raise money, or simply organise activities
> A range of activities- thriving carnival every september, and its website lists 14 clubs and organisations
> Politicians- grampound county councillor lives in the village. Organises monthly local-produce market also gives out newletters.
How is wider political engagement affected?
> national turnout fallen from 82.6% in 1951 general election to 66.1% in 2015.
turnout varies geographically higher in rural than urban areas
Devolution reverses voter apathy. In september 2014, turnout in scottish referendum was 84.6%
Traditionally national turnout in the UK for EU elections have been low. The more removed from power people are the more voter apathy occurs as brussels tunrout was 90% whilst czech republic eas 18%.
Why does engagement vary?
Age- 18.7% of cornwalls pop is aged 65-84 nat av 14.2% more people with more time to devote to community activities. Those aged over 60 are more likely to vote in elections.
Gender- More women engage in community work than men. In Grampound, in 2015 women were in the majority on many working groups and comittees.
Ethnicity and length of residence. In 2011 census, cornwall had 400 short term residents. 8 per 10,000 usual resident. If new to an area or a student than less likely to engage in communities over such a short period of time.
Deprivation- poor vote less but when combined with ethnicity increases the liklihood of voting. Voting greater than in bangladeshi community than amongst other londerners. People vote where they have faces prejedice or exploitation.
How regeneration lead to conflict in these comuunities?
> process is top down designed by panners and devs and local/national govs- mostly based on economic motives based on sales and land values rather than social housing for people. Groups that disagree about what regen is about and who its for.
> ineqaulity is often a key driver as breeds resentment where LI feel only HI will benefit.
Especially true in towns and cities where regen of prop can bring in new residents such as students with dif lifestyles to long term residents.
How have regeneration schemes on a local level varied in support in cornwall?
Locally; 2008 grampound paris council sought residents viwes about a proposal to build 69 new houses in the village- which was overwhelmingly supported with residents feeling that extra pop would help maintain village services. The developers worked with parish council on design and held meetings to gauge support.
How have regeneration schemes on a regional level varied in support in cornwall?
Plans for a waste incinerator as part of st dennis economic expansion caused protests- yet built in cornwalls poorest area only creating 7 jobs. Regarded as eye sore and people fear toxic emissions.
How have regeneration schemes on a national level varied in support in cornwall?
Cornwall council supported renewable energy with wind turbines often causing protests from those who claim thy spoil the countryside, However grampound residents persuaded by 15,000£ annaul offer from energy company for community projects.
How has crosslink led to not just regen of custom house but other places?
In 2015 construction work occured in canning town one of londons most deprived areas. Already a station at custom house called docklands light railway. This new construction work is the ltest addition- Crossrail (elizabeth line) - new link connecting west and east london- increasing the UKs rail capacity by 10%. Cross link brought regen to areas such as woolwich that needed a boost.
