Regeneration Flashcards
Suggest one reason why economic regeneration is needed in some places more than others.
- Lower wages contribute to deprivation (1) so a spiral of decline occurs (1) leading to out migration (1).
- Deindustrialisation of coal mining/steelmaking areas (1) has led to low wages/ high unemployment (1) and low aspirations amongst young people (1).
- Areas outside the fracking licences will not gain investment (1) so will not get an economic boost from employment (1) or the multiplier effect of spending in the community (1).
For a local place that you have studied, explain why people’s sense of identity has been influenced by the economic and social change it has experienced. (6)
For full marks, both economic and social change should be explained.
Relevant points may include:
Sense of identity is shaped by family, age, gender, ethnicity, length of residence, past and present connections, employment, opportunity, and other factors.
Views of teenagers may be explored: negatively isolation/reaction against the area may result in crime/vandalism/lack of engagement/desire to leave, OR more positively involvement in youth projects/sport for e.g.
Economic changes may be linked to closure of industry or shift in employment locally, which may result in unemployment, out migration, and loss of self-esteem. For example, mining communities are still divided by whether or not miners returned to work (“Scabs”) during Miners’ strikes in The 1970s and 1980s in the UK.
Growth of right-wing nationalist parties including UKIP may be linked to a loss of sense of identity.
Groups moving into an area may have a very different culture/religion who provide their sense of identity.
Social change such as increased contact via skype has broadened regular contact beyond the local area.
Facebook/ Snapchat/Instagram enables the creation of a virtual identity which is then presented to others is increasingly important for many.
Changed role of women has altered communities as many work part or full time, and greater mobility has spread families across the country and globally, reducing social cohesion and sense of identity via family ties.
Change in shopping habits results in use of internet shopping and delivery, and changed contacts in local shops and high street, so that sense of identity may be more individual and less shared with the community.
Investment by businesses in reimaging and use of local suppliers creates. pride in local area e.g. “Taste of the West” awards sought after by businesses.
Changes in culture are numerous and played out in contrasting ways, e.g. growth of LGBT “Gay Pride” events, and changed religious observance (both growth and decline) may help some feel more confident in their sense of identity, but others feel threatened.
Assess the extent to which economic regeneration brings benefits to rural areas (12)
AO1
Economic regeneration may be necessary due to economic and social
inequality in declining rural settlements, or in commuter villages
Groups in communities have different views about priorities and strategies
for regeneration
These have complex causes (lack of political engagement and
representation, ethnic tensions, inequality and lack of opportunity)
local interest groups (local preservation societies, trade unions) play a key
role in decision-making about regeneration
AO2
local interest groups representing businesses (e.g. shops, B and B, and
possibly farmers) are likely to be in favour of regeneration as this may
attract new visitors or investment and create job opportunities and multiplier
effect
economic regeneration will bring new income to local councils/national
government via Business rates/corporation tax, income tax
supply chain benefits and increased spending in other businesses which may
then be invested in local/regional infrastructure
schools and colleges, and job centres may see chance for new training and apprenticeships
benefits may occur through social and environmental factors via
improvements to health, education and/or quality of living environment
however, tensions may result between groups that wish to preserve rural
environments, and those who seek change. Jobs may be low paid or short
term.
so for example, conservation groups (either architectural or wildlife) may
resist change because of fears of loss of historical buildings/ habitats/
biodiversity, or congestion/litter.
new rural visitors may have moved expecting peace/quiet and have an
idealised view of area, wanting to preserve this.
lack of engagement from some groups may make people feel unaware of
change, and so unconsulted and resentful
local people may not be able to afford property prices if the area is
regenerated, so young/families may feel alienated by process.
Suggest one reason why unemployment rates differ across developed countries such as Germany. (3)
- The majority of the 16 states in Germany show unemployment of 6% or below (1) this may be because of successful regeneration into service economy (e.g. tourism or banking) (1) but other regions may have experienced deindustrialization leaving high unemployment(1)
- The decline of traditional employment/mechanisation e.g. Agriculture/ mining may explain higher levels in some regions (1) where lack of alternative employment/remoteness has left a legacy of low skills/out-migration(1)so the area is unattractive for TNC investment.
Suggest reasons why perceptions may vary in cities, such as Hull, about the success of regeneration. (6)
AO1
Many different strategies are used for regeneration, and perceptions about
these often vary locally.
The criteria used to judge success vary between stakeholders, depending
on their experience of change and the place itself.
The image presented and the experienced reality of the place may also be
considered.
AO2
Blog shows players have different perceptions: some are excited by the
redevelopment, as turbine blade appears as ‘gift from the gods’, changing
Hull’s image and symbolising commitment from a major local employer.
Others, with lived experience of the area, may lack the education/skills for
engineering or other jobs, and feel excluded and that their “place” has lost
its identity and familiar locations are changed forever.
Players have different criteria for success (jobs/environmental benefits).
Gentrification/ studentification may be discussed, increasing inequality, as
prices are raised and locals/their children cannot stay.
The “City of Culture” approach, although bringing publicity and potential
visitors and spending, is temporary and may not have lasting impacts.
Credit reference to other cities of culture (Liverpool and Derry/
Londonderry) or other large-scale “flagship” approaches (e.g.2012
Olympics) to regeneration.
Credit reference to legacy and whether or not it has been positive.
With reference to a named example, explain the limitations of the strategies used to regenerate a rural place. (6)
Named rural place…
Regenerating a place can be understood in different ways, but may be
considered to include change for example, in infrastructure, education,
sport, employment or decision making.
Possible answers could discuss examples in UK or elsewhere.
Gentrification/studentification may be discussed, increasing inequality, as
prices are raised and locals/their children cannot stay.
The “City of Culture” approach, although bringing publicity and potential
visitors and spending, is temporary and may not have lasting impacts.
Credit reference to other cities of culture (Liverpool and Derry/
Londonderry) or other large-scale “flagship” approaches (e.g.2012
Olympics) to regeneration.
Credit reference to legacy and whether or not it has been positive.
Answers must be city focused, but credit generic perception comments.
Regeneration strategies may involve economic, social and/or environmental
aims and it is difficult to meet all of these in one strategy, resulting in
“limitations” for any or all of these.
Locals need the chance to participate and share decision-making, but may
be ignored.
The environment may suffer if new businesses are developed.
Different stakeholders may perceive the success or limitations of the
strategy depending on their social and economic characteristics, and their
level of environmental concerns.
So for example, a rural strategy that creates investment and employment
via a flagship approach (e.g. the Eden Project) may have damaging impacts
on the environment as traffic and noise increase.
Question asks for ‘strategies’ so expect more than one, but allow different
aspects of one strategy.
For your local place and your contrasting place, evaluate the view that low
income is the most important factor leading to deprivation. (20)
Location of your local place…
Location of your contrasting place…
AO1
Deprivation can include economic, social, and environmental criteria.
There are differences in economic activity, which are reflected through
variation in social factors.
An in-depth study of the local place and a contrasting place provide the
context for how and why places vary.
In some regions, economic restructuring has triggered a spiral of decline
with increasing levels of deprivation.
AO2
Deprivation is likely to be discussed through the ‘lack of access’ or ‘living
without’ specific economic, social and other variables. Good answers may
consider the 7 domains of IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation)
Low income should be evaluated as a key reason for deprivation
Other factors should also be considered such as:
Sector and type of employment opportunities, and changes over time.
Government decisions e.g. privatise industry in the past / invest in flagship
regeneration/ provide benefits/subsidise start-ups/improve infrastructure
TNC decisions to relocate/invest in an area
Levels and quality of education available locally and elsewhere
Location: proximity to market/Europe or isolated, or access to physical
resources and infrastructure providing connections to other places.
Tradition e.g. migration seen as route to opportunity
Evaluation should explore the extent to which there is a direct link between
deprivation and low income for either or both chosen places. For example:
Low income can be seen as part of a cycle of deprivation seen through poor
educational achievement, housing, health and for some, crime.
A successful area that undergoes economic growth may not benefit
everybody equally.
Wealth and poverty may be found in close proximity, for complex reasons.
Economic loss is likely to be followed by declines in social/environmental
criteria
Community “grass roots” projects may help reduce deprivation, and be
crucial where government help is limited.
Overall, evaluation is likely to compare the role of income in influencing levels of
deprivation in the places alongside other factors.
Suggest reasons why perceptions of living in an inner-city area, such as in
London, may vary. (6)
AO1
Inner-city areas are perceived differently in terms of their desirability as a
place to live and work by contrasting demographic groups.
Contrasting age, ethnicities, life cycle stage (e.g. families) and other
groups may feel differently about a place due to lived experience.
AO2
Migrants lacking in confidence with language/knowledge of legal system,
and with low incomes, may be unable to challenge private landlords over
quality of housing.
Shortage of housing may mean options are limited, so people stay in
substandard housing.
Some inner-city areas have been gentrified with young working
people/students prepared/forced to pay high rental prices, contributing to
the out-migration of long-term residents and their children, e.g. Newham.
Many choose to live in the inner city, excited by the diversity of culture
and accessibility of social activities and work.
Long term residents/enclave communities may identify positively with
area, feeling secure.
Role of the media/estate agents/authors/TV/film in creating and sustaining
positive/negative images/stereotypes of places.
