Regenerating Places KQ2

Question 1

Why is Sydney a successful place?

Answer 1

Great climate, scenery and coastline.
Population increased by 400,000 in 4 years.
Average income higher than UK at £40k
17 beaches including Bondi which has global status.
30% of workers born overseas.

Question 2

What is cumulative causation?

Answer 2

Knock on affects that occur due to location of new factories, creating jobs, and other services tend to follow.

Question 3

What are the negatives of Sydney?

Answer 3

Gentrification has led to higher rental and house prices causing people to have to travel up to 54km to reach the core for work.

Urban sprawl leading to a loss of productive farm land, decreasing food security.

Question 4

What is the negative multiplier effect?

Answer 4

A hard to stop loss of jobs, people and local tax revenues that leads to further losses and greater decline.

Question 5

Why is Detroit an unsuccessful place?

Answer 5

Industrial restructuring occurred with a shift of car manufacturing to Japan.
Population fell from 1.5 mill in 1960 to 0.7 mill by 2015.
Second largest murder rate in the USA
Poverty rate of 38%
Life expectancy just 69 years.

Question 6

What are gated communities?

Answer 6

Wealthy residential areas that are fenced off and have security gates. Becoming increasingly common in the UK.

Question 7

What are sink estates?

Answer 7

Council housing estates that are the least desirable to live in and have the shortest waiting lists. House low income people and so there are high levels of deprivation.

Question 8

Community engagement and conflict

What were the causes of the London 2011 riots?

Answer 8

People were not heard by the government and communities did not have a say in their own society which caused conflicts as communities wanted their voices to be heard by the government.

Question 9

What were the London Riots?

Answer 9

Petty criminality
Gang culture
Police stop search tactics
Urban deprivation 
High youth unemployment 
Poo relationship between police and communities

Question 10

Community engagement

Grampound - Cornwall

Answer 10

Population of 800 people.
Struggled to keep rural services.
25% of population over 65.
257 households became shareholders in community shop raising £21,000.
Key people willing to stand in local elections.
Range of activities including a carnival every September.
Parish election turnout 63% vs 33% nationally.

Question 11

UK general election engagement.

Answer 11

2015 turnout of 66%
Turnout tends to be higher in rural areas.
Turnout tends to be lower in deprived areas.
Political engagement reduces as people become more removed from the centre of power producing voter apathy.

Question 12

UK government policy for regeneration

HS2 case study

Answer 12

Estimated by 2025 road congestion will cost us £22bn each year in lost time.
HS2 costing £50 bn
Two routes running from Birmingham to both Manchester and Leeds.
Creating 60,000 construction jobs.
Government gains franchising fees.
Economic multiplier - North connected to the core.
No intermediate stations so communities on route will not gain from it.

Question 13

Deregulation case study

Answer 13

Allows foreign investors to invest in UK without seeking UK government approval.
Finance and business services now account for 30% of the UKs GDP.
London dockland regeneration set up large offices in Canary Wharf for these businesses.

Question 14

Fracking case study.

Answer 14

Reduces need for importing Russian gas and increases energy security.
Conflicts with landscapes of value.
In 2015 MPs voted to allow drilling user these areas from their boundaries.
Local opposition occurs in every location where test drilling occurs e.g Barton Moss pop up protest camps.

Question 15

Expansion of Heathrow airport case study.

Answer 15

Destroy 694 hectares of greenbelt.
Destroy 950 homes.
Require 71,000 new homes by 2030.
Produce 55% of UK aviation emissions by 2050.
Create up to 180,000 jobs.
Create £211bn in economic benefits by 2050.

Question 16

What is the role of local councils in regeneration?

Answer 16

Draw up unitary development plans which identify aspects such as areas for new housing, priority areas for regeneration and areas for commercial development.

Question 17

What are science parks?

Answer 17

Industrial and business parks focuses on the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university as a key partner.

Question 18

NETpark Sedgefield case study.

Answer 18

Partnered by Durham university.
Hosts 25 companies employing 400 people.
Business Durham manages office space, laboratories and industrial office units, it’s job is to attract domestic and foreign investment to Durham.

Question 19

What is pump priming?

Answer 19

Using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies choose to invest.

Question 20

Local government and conflict between different players.

London 2012 Olympics case study.

Answer 20

Residents felt their needs were ignored.
209 businesses employing 5000 people relocated due to Clay Lane compulsory purchase.
40% had still not received compensation 3 years after been located.
Gentrification increased rents within the area, making them unaffordable for some.
Many Olympic related jobs were temporary construction jobs (6000).

Question 21

Rebranding deindustrialised areas

Tyne and Wear development corporation case study.

Answer 21

Set up and funded by central government.
Aimed to create new business district and revise the riverside as a place to live.
Area covered 26 miles along river Tyne and Wear.
Flagship projects include Newcastle business park (140mill) and 2 mill to transform 10 major landmark buildings along the quayside.
Responsible for millennium bridge in 2001, Baltic flour mill in 2002 and the sage in 2004.

Question 22

Define rural diversification.

Answer 22

Adding new money making activities to rural assets.

Question 23

Define valorisation.

Answer 23

Increasing profits gained form specific activities or assets e.g turning a sheep field into car parking to make more money.

Question 24

Why is rural diversification needed for farms?

Answer 24

Not all EU farmers have same rules and regulations on livestock breeding or movement. Food farmed in Europe is cheaper and so can undercut UK prices.

Question 25

Rural diversification

Emsley’s farm, Leeds case study.

Answer 25

Farm shop selling specialist products which cannot be sourced from elsewhere.
Old pig barn turned into play area with cafe, used mostly in summer.
Cottages rented to local people.
Local crafts sold from the barn.
Stable turned into chop which is rented to a pet shop.
Children’s petting zoo.

Question 26

London 2012 olympics urban regeneration.

What were the environmental benefits?

Answer 26

Regeneration of 350 hectares of derelict land.
600,000 tonnes of soil cleaned of contaminants.
3km or rivers and canals cleaned and replanted.
230,000m3 of groundwater removed and cleaned.

Question 27

London 2012 olympics urban regeneration.

Housing??

Answer 27

Olympic park sold to housing associations and turned into affordable housing.
Gentrification caused rental and house prices to rise by 45%, this did not meet the needs of the local residents as many people could not afford this.

Question 28

London 2012 olympics urban regeneration.

Queen Elizabeth park??

Answer 28

Olympic stadium owned by West-Ham.
BT uses media centre.
Sporting facilities available to use by local people however no legacy is evident.
250 local businesses relocated employing 5000 people. 40% had not received compensation after 3 years.

Question 29

London 2012 olympics urban regeneration.

Retail?

Answer 29

Westfield shopping centre created 10,000 new jobs.

Question 30

London 2012 olympics urban regeneration.

Transport?

Answer 30

Second new docklands light railway.
New branch of east London line.
Enhancements made to more than 100 walking and cycling routes.

Question 31

Stakeholders/criteria for judging success.
Regeneration in Cornwall.
The Eden project case study.

Answer 31

Based around 2 giant biospheres. 
Built for 80 mill
Produced 700 mill for local economy. 
Attracts 1.2 mill tourists each year. 
Sources supplies from 3000 local businesses.

Question 32

Regeneration in Cornwall.

St Dennis waste incinerator case study.

Answer 32

Planned to cost 117 mill
Secured a 30 year 427 mill waste contract.
90 lorry’s visiting site each day.
240,000 tonnes of waste converted into electricity to power 21,000 homes.
Benefits outweigh environmental impacts.

Question 33

Regeneration on Cornwall.

Super fast broadband case study.

Answer 33

By 2016 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband.
Cost 132 mill.
54 mill funded by EU development fund.
Encourages location of businesses, particularly knowledge economy companies.
2000 jobs created.
Economic impact of 200mill per year.

Question 34

Regeneration in Cornwall.

Wave hub case study.

Answer 34

Socket for wave energy converters to plug into.
16km off north coast.
Capacity of 20MW.
42 mill to build with funding from the EU and UK government.
Will earn 76 mill over 25 years.
Create 170 jobs.

Question 35

Regeneration in Cornwall.

Combined universities case study.

Answer 35

To increase range of university courses, Falmouth college and Exeter university joined forces.
Helps graduates set up their own businesses trying to cut the Cornish brain drain.
Student economy resulted in a healthy property rental market and thriving evening economy of bars and restaurants.

Question 36

Regeneration in Cornwall.

Watergate bay, Newquay case study.

Answer 36

Enterprise zone.
Extreme sports academy targeting young adults (surfing, kite surfing etc)
Employs 60 people.

Jamie Oliver’s 15 restaurant.
Trains 15 disadvantaged 16-24 year olds in catering each year.
Profits fund further training and development.

Benefit from government tax rebates.