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Edexcel A Level Geography > Regenerating Places Key Terms/Concepts > Flashcards

Regenerating Places Key Terms/Concepts Flashcards

Paper 2 knowledge

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1
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Regeneration is the long-term upgrading of a place with the aim of benefiting its economic and social characteristics.

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2
Q

What does rebranding mean?

A

Rebranding involves deliberately reinventing a place for economic reasons and marketing it with a new identity to attract new investors.

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3
Q

What does re-imaging mean?

A

Reimaging is the remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions, providing new functions such as retailing, leisure, and tourism.

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4
Q

Define place

A

Places are geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time.

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5
Q

What factors influence places to change?

A

They evolve through a combination of human activities, cultural influences, and environmental factors, reflecting the history and identity of the area.

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6
Q

What does place attachment mean?

A

Place attachment refers to the emotional bond between a person and a place.

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7
Q

How is place attachment influenced by personal experiences?

A

It is highly influenced by an individual’s personal experiences, including memories, relationships, and significant events associated with the location.

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8
Q

What two components make up a sense of belonging?

A

Spatial sense of attachment to place and/or attachment to a social group.

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9
Q

How does place attachment differ to sense of belonging?

A

Place attachment focuses on the individual emotional bond whereas sense of belonging extends beyond the individual to the community.

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10
Q

What is formal representation?

A

Formal representation are hard facts they are usually shown as statistics such as the census.

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11
Q

What is informal representation?

A

Informal representation is more subjective than formal representation, it can be shown as songs, films, newspaper articles to name a few.

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12
Q

What does perception mean?

A

A person’s view of a place or issue based on feelings, experience and outside forces
such as the media.

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13
Q

What is understood by the term ‘media’?

A

The publishing of information and production of entertainment (e.g. BBC, local newspapers,
radio stations).

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14
Q

What does economic diversification mean?

A

The transition away from being dependent on one sector and branching out into others (e.g. farmers selling produce in a farm shop)

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15
Q

What does the built environment mean?

A

The buildings and infrastructure within an urban area.

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16
Q

What are the two main ways of classifying Economic Activity?

A

Employment sector; be it primary (agriculturally based), secondary (manufacture based), tertiary (service based) and quaternary (information based)

Employment type: part time/full time, temporary/permanent and employed/self-employed.

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17
Q

What does the Clark Fisher model show?

A

The Clark-Fisher model shows that as an economy advances, the proportion of people employed in each sector changes.

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18
Q

What does a primary industry mean?

A

An industry involved in the production of extraction of natural resources.

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19
Q

What does a secondary industry mean?

A

The portion of an economy that includes light and heavy industrial
manufacturers of finished goods and products from raw materials.

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20
Q

What does a tertiary industry mean?

A

Consists of industries which provide a service, such as transport and finance

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21
Q

What does a quaternary industry mean?

A

The portion of an economy based on knowledge applicable to some business
activity that usually involves the provision of services.

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22
Q

What does a quinary industry mean?

A

This newly recognised sector represents the highest levels of decision making in an economy – the top business executives and officials in government, science, universities, non-profit organisations, media. It is focused within the STEM employment.

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23
Q

What does function mean?

A

The function is what a place is known for it often shapes the economic activity and identity of a place.

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24
Q

What does an industrial function mean?

A

A location whose economy and reputation
is predominantly based on its industrial capacity, this type of function has generally moved
abroad.

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25
Q

What does an administrative function mean?

A

Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and
economic activity for the surrounding areas. Administrative places tend to be cities and town
that influence the borough/region surrounding them, this has often become more
centralised

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26
Q

What does an commerical function mean?

A

A location with strong business influence; many TNCs may have bases here and there is a large volume of small- and large-scale businesses. Areas are often now found
nearer to connections such as motorways with the introduction of science parks and estates

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27
Q

What does a retail function mean?

A

A town or city with attractive retail facilities - markets, shopping centres, unique
shops. The retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals. Retail has
often been moved to out of town or shopping is done online.

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28
Q

What does the spiral of decline model show?

A

Low revenue and income into the area
employment opportunities are rarer which
leads to high unemployment.
It can also cause social problems such as
increase crime in the area.
This can also affect the built environment,
meaning it is perceived as unattractive by
investors and people with a view to living
there.
Out-migration may happen due to
dissatisfied residents

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29
Q

What are types of urban regeneration strategies?

A

Retail - Major shopping malls such as Gateshead’s Metrocentre
Hertiage tourism - Historic sites and attractions such as Hartlepool’s Maritime Experience or the Titanic Quarter in
Belfast
Sports - Regeneration linked to major sporting events such as the London 2012 Olympics in Stratford
Arts and culture - Landmark cultural buildings such as the Baltic art gallery and Sage music venue at Gateshead
Quayside

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30
Q

What is the cumulative causation model?

A

The cumulative causation model also known as the
positive multiplier effect. The introduction of a new
industry or the expansion of an existing industry in an area also encourages growth in other industrial
sectors.

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31
Q

What are socio-economic changes?

A

Socioeconomic status is thesocial standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation.

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32
Q

What does overheating mean?

A

Increased demand for housing and the services of an area results in rising prices
rather than increased output. Original residents usually need to move out of the area.

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33
Q

What does gentrification mean?

A

Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting
high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place.

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34
Q

What are demographic changes?

A

Demographics arethe various characteristics of a population. Examples of demographics can include factors such as the sex and age of a population that is being studied.

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35
Q

What are cultural changes?

A

Culture is the shared characteristics of a group of people, which encompassesplace of birth and religion (ethnic composition of a place).

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36
Q

Why do rural locations need to diversify their operations?

A

Some rural areas need to diversify as there is lack of income in farming, closure of some pubs increasingly as time goes on.

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37
Q

What does deprivation mean?

A

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities

38
Q

What are the seven domains/indicies of deprivation?

A

Income, employment, crime, health, education, housing and the living
environment.

39
Q

What does it mean if the deprivation figure is closer to 1?

A

Most deprived

40
Q

What does it mean if the deprivation figure is closer to 32,844?

A

Least deprived

41
Q

What does quality of life (QOL) mean?

A

The standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group.

42
Q

What are the economic measures of QOL?

A

Employment rates and average incomes.

43
Q

What are the social measures of QOL?

A

life expectancy, physical health, mental health, access to public transport, travel to work time

44
Q

What are the environmental measures of QOL?

A

Housing quality and access to green space

45
Q

Who was the term North South divide created by?

A

Danny Dorling, Social Geography at University of Oxford

46
Q

What does the idea of ‘North South divide’ mean?

A

Dorling argues that people are socially divided which differs the
chances people get in life. These chances range from a
person’s chance of being ill and dying, to finding work, to
the kind of work they do

47
Q

Explain how employment type can be used as a means of defining a places economic activity

A

-In 2015, there were 32 million people in work in the UK, with 1.85 million
unemployed
-There are three main types of worker: employees with contracts,
workers and self-employed
-18.4 million people had full time contracts, while there were 9 million
part-time contracts
-In general, the higher the number of full-time contracts in a place– the
greater its economic activity

48
Q

What controversial aspects of employment remain in the current UK society?

A

-The gender gap has narrowed but still exists; on average men get paid
10 per cent more than men
-Zero-hour contracts can lead to the exploitation of workers
-Temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay, for example tourism
and agriculture

49
Q

What three impacts does Economic Activity have on a place?

A

Health
Life expectancy
Levels of education

50
Q

Explain how economic activity can impact health?

A

-Health may be measured by morbidity and longevity
-There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated
lifestyles: Those working in long hours in manual jobs such as building and
agriculture or exposed to harmful effects of chemicals or pollutants will have a raised risk of poorer health and mortality. Health is therefore linked to economic sectors and the type of employment
- A person’s poorer socio-economic position will increase their likelihood
of poor health

51
Q

Explain how economic activity can impact life expectancy?

A
  • Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and within
    settlements
  • In the wealthy area of Harrow – the life expectancy is 65 -year- males
    can expect to live six years more than those in Glasgow
52
Q

Explain how economic activity can impact education?

A

-Education provision and outcome is unequal in the UK
-Working-class white children in poverty have a lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve
-More disadvantaged children, many of which are on free school meals,
may feel a lack of control over their learning and may be reluctant to
carry on to higher education academic studies

53
Q

Explain how pay inequalities have developed in the UK?

A

-Those working in the primary sector and low-level services receive
lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors
-Jobs may be seasonal and insecure compared with manufacturing and
higher-level services
- The richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income and
accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% if the population put
together in 2014
- The UK now has the most billionaires per capita than any other country – just five families control the same wealth as 20% of the population
- The bottom 10% of earners, with weakly wages of under 288 pounds,
are concentrated in customer-service occupations such as carers.

54
Q

What is a sink estate?

A

A sink estate is a British council housing estate
characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation.

55
Q

What is a commuter village?

A

Settlements where a large proportion of the residents commute daily to cities for work.

56
Q

What is a declining rural settlement?

A

Rural areas where the quality of life and deprivation is seen to
be worsening.

57
Q

What is a gated community?

A

Individual buildings or groups of houses which are landscapes of
surveillance, with CCTV and often 24/7 security guards. They are designed to deter access by
unknown people and reduce crime.

58
Q

Why are sink estates and declining rural settlements in the most need of regeneration?

A

Sink estates and declining rural settlements need regeneration as they are usually the areas with the highest deprivation levels, highest unemployment levels.

59
Q

What does political engagement mean?

A

The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or
pressure groups.

60
Q

What does regional disparity mean?

A

The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.

61
Q

What does segregation mean?

A

The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily.
Segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects.

62
Q

What does residental sorting mean?

A

The act of matching people’s attributes to those of place makeups. Sorting occurs when the nature of changes in place characteristics resulting from moving creates better matches with movers’ attributes.

63
Q

What percentage of individuals voted in the 2019 election?

A

In the 2019 UK general elections, 67.3% of the eligible population voted.

64
Q

What number of individuals are not registered to vote?

A

9.4 million

65
Q

What are the four broad groups who are least likely to be engaged in voting?

A
  • Individuals in poverty (68% professionals voted vs 54% manual workers)
  • Ethnic minority groups (52% of ethnic minority groups voted)
  • Young people, (74% of over 65 years voted vs 47% of 18-24 year olds)
    -People living in urban areas (67% voters in urban vs 70% rural areas).
66
Q

Why is there variation between voting engagement?

A
  • Lack of trust in politicians, strongest among the young and some ethnic minority groups
  • Lack of belonging to a community giving a feeling of isolation.
  • Language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants
  • Feeling that one has no influence, strongest among minorities.
67
Q

Why has the need for housing increased?

A

UK population is rising due to:
- increased birth rates
- in-migration
- people living longer
More single occupancy households:
- Young people in Britain are single for longer and often live alone
- Single parent families and divorcees
- Second homes
Overseas investors buy homes and leave them empty, especially in London

68
Q

What has historically been Labour’s policy for housing?

A

Labours housing policies historically have favoured social housing (council housing) which prioritises renting over purchasing.

69
Q

What has historically been the Conservative’s policy for housing?

A

The Conservatives have favoured a market led approach with the right to buy scheme resulting in the sale of 2 million council houses from 1980 to 1995.

70
Q

What is fracking?

A

Fracking is a technique for recovering gas and oil from shale rock. It involves drilling into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand and chemicals at a rock layer, to release the gas inside.

71
Q

When and who was fracking introduced by to enhance energy security in the UK?

A

In 2013 under the coalition government under the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives fracking was introduced to drive energy security for the country.
However, Rishi Sunak instated a ban on fracking when he became Prime Minister over the social and environmental concerns that fracking brings.

72
Q

What is deregulation?

A

The removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.

73
Q

Why did the national government introduce deregulation?

A

The government introduced deregulation in the 1980’s as they wanted to open up London up to the rest of the world - this has significantly benefitted the banking industry.

74
Q

Why is migration in the UK controlled?

A

The economic argument for immigration is increased GDP. The UK has an ageing population, and we are a facing a pensions crisis – which could be met by the additional taxes paid for by young, highly skilled, working immigrants.

75
Q

Which Labour PM (national government) introduced the High Speed Rail 2 in 2009?

A

Gordon Brown

76
Q

What were the aims of HS2?

A

-To connect the North to the South
-To reduce journey times
-Reduce congestion on the roads by encouraging use of public transport

77
Q

When was the HS2 project planned to be completed by when first introduced?

A

2033

78
Q

What does a stakeholder mean?

A

A stakeholder is a person, group or organisation with a vested interest, or stake, in the decision-making and activities of a business, organisation or project.

79
Q

What is the definition of a trade union?

A

Is an organisation of workers intent on “maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment”

80
Q

What is the definition of the British Chamber of Commerce (BCC)?

A

The British Chambers of Commerce is the national representative body of 53 chambers of commerce across the UK. The chambers represent 50,000 businesses.

81
Q

What did Shevaun Haviland, Director General of the BCC say about the HS2 plans?

A

Negative view - “Without this vital additional capacity, any plans to improve the UK’s freight and passenger services will be restricted. We will be left with a rail system unable to effectively connect all our regional economies”.

82
Q

What did Mick Lynch Rail Maritime Transport (RMT –trade union) General Secretary say about the HS2 plans?

A

“Yesterday’s announcement by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak that a northern leg of HS2 has been scrapped is a disaster for the British economy and a slap in the face to future generations”.

83
Q

What is planned for Heathrow Airport?

A

The airport and key stakeholders want to expand the third runway.

84
Q

How much is the expansion of Heathrow Airport planned to cost?

A

The cost (estimated at £18.3billion), will be privately funded, but some of the support infrastructure will be publicly funded by the UK government.

85
Q

What key components make up a successful place?

A

Education, employment, industry, connections/transport, investment, clean economy, innovation and entrepreneurship, quality of life

86
Q

What makes a place less successful?

A

Poor economy that has a high unemployment rate and deters business, poor provision of services e.g. healthcare and education, degraded environment (high levels of pollution), residents have a poor quality of life – healthcare, child poverty, educational attainment (might be ranked low on the IMD), high levels of out migration

87
Q

What does deindustrialisation mean?

A

A reduction in industrial capacity, leading to social and economic change
within a region.

88
Q

What is dereliction?

A

The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.

89
Q

What does capital mean?

A

Productive assets, goods or financial stakes.

90
Q

What does inequality mean?

A

Differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and
society.

Edexcel A Level Geography (2 decks)

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