REGENERATING PLACES EQ1 Flashcards
How and why do places vary?
Physical geography of Hebden Bridge (local place)
High rainfall, in the southern Pennines
Geology: mostly coarse grained sandstones
Poor soils
Should be densely wooded
Steep sided valleys
Changes in function (local place)
From marsh and agriculture to textiles
Deindustrialisation and deprivation – depopulation (losing 25% of its population)
From textiles to tourism
Changes in population demographic (local place)
Age: increasing younger artistic professionals but still predominantly older residents due to its rural setting
Ethnic: remained predominantly white British but has seen a small increase of other ethnicities and culture
Gentrification: a large influx of urban professionals
Migration: low but growing number of international migrants
Changes in economic wealth (local place)
Movement from working class to middle class
Gentrification: influx of urban professionals has increased housing and rent prices, increasing the socioeconomic divide as its less affordable for the lower income residents
Tourism has increased the local economy
Increased remote and creative work
Reason for changes to population demographics and economic wealth (local place)
Gentrification: scenic location appeals to remote workers, creatives and commuters, increasing property prices and attracting wealthy residents
Creative and cultural economy: the vibrant arts scene and progressive reputation have improved diversity and economic growth in the creative industry
Tourism: the culture and history or the town has boosted the economy of local businesses
Economic inequality: gentrification has increased the socioeconomic divide
Physical geography of Canary Wharf (contrasting place)
historically a marshland
flat topography, close proximity to the river Thames -
made it ideal for large scale regeneration
Changes in function (contrasting place)
originally part of the west India docks
deindustrialisation of the docks due to industry change
became a modern business and finance district
Changes in population demographic (contrasting place)
working class in the industrial era now predominantly middle class
major population decline in the dockland decline
Age: now largely 20s and 40s working age residents
Ethnicity: large increase in diversity post industrial as large international financial institutions moved in
Changes in economic wealth (contrasting place)
Docklands to financial hub: large scale regeneration of the area brought high economic benefit as it became a global financial centre
Gentrification: influx of urban professionals in the financial boom has increased housing and rent prices, increasing the socioeconomic divide as its less affordable for the lower income residents
large scale global investment
Reason for changes to population demographics and economic wealth (contrasting place)
Gentrification: increased property prices and wealthy residents have driven out long term working class residents and increased the wealthy population ( increased the socioeconomic divide)
International appeal: its global financial centre status has improved ethnic and cultural diversity and international investment
Job opportunities: high income highly educated jobs have attracted highly skilled migrants to the area
What are the four functions of a place?
Administrative
commercial
retail
Industrial
What are the reasons for change in a place?
Physical factors
Accessibility and connectiveness
Historical development
The role of local and national planning
what are demographic characteristics?
Gentrification
Age structure
Ethnic composition
How can change be measured?
Employment trends
Demographic changes
Land use changes
Levels of deprivation
What are the levels of deprivation?
Income deprivation
Employment deprivation
Health deprivation
Crime
Quality of the living environment
Abandoned and derelict land
How the connections have changed and what impacts this has had (local place)
Railway: gave easy access to major cities like Manchester and Leeds, increasing the amount of commuter residents
Road connectivity: originally a packhorse route, allows travel between places like Burnley and Halifax
Canal: allowed transport of textiles in industrial era
Tourism: transport links allowed tourists to come and support local economy
How the identity of the population has change due to socioeconomic changes (local place)
Industrial and working class roots: the working class community were closely tied to their industrial background, when deindustrialisation occurred there was a major population decline.
Influx of artists and creatives: increased the creative and LQBTQ demographic and solidified its progressive, inclusive environment
Gentrification: rise in commuters and middle class workers increased the highly educated affluent demographic
Socioeconomic divide: increasing middle class demographic is pushing out the older working class demographic as they cant compete with property prices
How the environment has changed (local place)
Industrial era: caused environmental degradation, polluting rivers etc.
Industrial decline: caused natural regeneration of the environment as there were less pollutants
Flooding: physical geography makes it extremely vulnerable to flooding, severity and frequency has increased with climate change
Gentrification: as the town became more wealthy, environmental quality and climate activism became very prevalent
How the connections have changed and what impacts this has had (contrasting place)
Initial poor connections: industrial decline, docklands so surrounded by water. when it was the part of the west India docks, importation and exportation was easy via boat.
The DLR (docklands light railway): connected the docklands with the city providing commuter access and interest from businesses
Road and river: major roads built and river transport services offered more diverse connections and opportunities
How the identity of the population has change due to socioeconomic changes (contrasting place)
Began as a working class industrial area, but the decline meant much of this demographic moved away
Predominantly middle class now due to the gentrification and introduction of the financial and business sector
Rising property prices pushed out those from a lower socioeconomic background
Diverse population due to global finance centre links
Young professional population due to employment opportunities
How the environment has changed (contrasting place)
Environmental degradation in the derelict abandoned docklands
Urban regeneration: large scale clean ups and redevelopment
Sustainability initiatives: more green spaces and eco friendly transport
What is regeneration?
Examples of regeneration
What is a location
Physical description of a point or area on the earths surface
What is a place
Physical and human characteristics of locations and their meaning
Sectors of employment
Primary- jobs involving extraction or production of raw materials
Secondary- Jobs involving the manufacturing or production of raw materials
Tertiary- jobs involving the service industry in a public private or voluntary sector
Quaternary- jobs involving specialist services, like law finance or IT
Types of employment
Permanent or fixed contracts- contract with no end date
Temporary - short term position, fixed end date
Full time- 5 days a week, typically >35hrs
Part time- does not work 100% of the time
Employed - member of staff payed by an employer
Self employed- responsible for their own business and income
What is a deprived area
An area deprived of those essential things to life, society, living well and growing up well
What are the 7 sectors of deprivation
Income
Employment
Health deprivation and disability
Barriers to housing/servicing
Education skills and training
Crime
Living environment
What is the IMD
Measure of the relative deprivation for small areas.
Combines 37 different indicators grouped into the 7 domains
