Reformation Quiz Flashcards
95 Theses
Luther’s argument against indulgences, saying that they undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, contended with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the significance of charity work; Spread quickly through the development of the printing press
Results of the Protestant Reformation
Some results of the Protestant Reformation include, the development of national churches, the development of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and the division of the single Western religion into two separate religions. The Reformation began in the 16th century.
What were John Calvin’s beliefs?
He theorized that believers were predestined to salvation. This means that before God had even created the world, he chose which people would be beneficiaries of his gift of salvation.
Vernacular
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
Diet of the Worms and Martin Luther
Luther, who through the church’s excommunication was practically declared a heretic, was invited to Worms by the Emperor who had been pressured by a few princes. Both the church and Emperor wanted Luther to recant his teachings while he was there. The princes who supported Luther hoped that through the forthcoming events the political power of Rome over Germany would be weakend.
Classicism
the following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship, especially from the Renaissance to the 18th century.
Popularity of Lutherism
Lutheranism spread throughout Germany and into Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark)
Luther’s Beliefs
That the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds
John Wycliff
John Wycliffe produced some of the first hand written English translations of the Bible and helped to make them widely available.
John Huss
John Huss initiated a reform movement based on the ideas of John Wycliffe. His followers became known as Hussites. The Catholic Church did not condone such uprisings, and Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and burned at the stake in Constance on July 6, 1415, having been condemned by the Council of Constance, in an unfair trial.
Johannes Tetzel
Johann Tetzel was a Roman Catholic German, Dominican friar and preacher. Tetzel was known for granting indulgences in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther.
The counter reformation and what it did
The Counter-Reformation was the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal.
English Reformation
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church
Petrarch
Francesco Petrarca, commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch’s rediscovery of Cicero’s letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance.
Castiglione and The Courtier
Baldassare Castiglione, count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of The Book of the Courtier. The Book of the Courtier is an example of the Renaissance dialogue, a literary form that incorporated elements of drama, conversation, philosophy, and essay. Considered the definitive account of Renaissance court life, it is cited frequently along with Stefano Guazzo’s The civil conversation and Giovanni Della Casa’s Galateo.
Machiavelli and The Prince
Machiavelli composed The Prince as a practical guide for ruling (though some scholars argue that the book was intended as a satire and essentially a guide on how not to rule). This goal is evident from the very beginning, the dedication of the book to Lorenzo de’ Medici, the ruler of Florence. The Prince is not particularly theoretical or abstract; its prose is simple and its logic straightforward. These traits underscore Machiavelli’s desire to provide practical, easily understandable advice.
Thomas More and Utopia
More lived during the early years of the Protestant Reformation, and was a leader of the Counter-Reformation. Utopia, originally written in Latin and later translated into many languages, depicts what its narrator, Raphael Hythloday, claimed to be an ideal human society, the island of Utopia.
Medici’s and Italian Political Makeup during the Renaissance
The Medici family, which controlled Florence throughout much of the Renaissance, played a large part in the patronage of the arts and the political development of the city. In 1397, Giovanni de Medici, the banker to the Papal Court, established headquarters in Florence. As a wealthy and influential citizen, Giovanni had virtually no choice but to participate in public life, holding almost every political office in Florence at some point.
Peasants Revolt
14th and 15th century a huge peasant uprising. Reseach on revolts in flanders show that in the highly urbanized and commercial cities they had the first of mass revolts of the 14th century before the German peasants Revolt. Flemish revolt lasted 5 years while 5 weeks for English
Causes of Religious Wars
to spread the faith, to retrieve countries that were once Christian even though there are no Christians left there, to rescue Christians in countries that were once Christian from ‘the servitude of the infidels’, recover and purify consecrated places that are presently being ‘polluted and profaned’, avenge blasphemous acts or cruelties and killings of Christians (even if these took place long ago)
Erasmus and Praise of Folly
Inspired by Italian humanist Faustino Perisauli’s De Triumpho Stultitiae, it is a satirical attack on superstitions and other traditions of European society as well as on the western Church.
