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Classics Democracy > Reform Policies > Flashcards

Reform Policies Flashcards

1
Q

Eupatridae

A

Land Owning Elite

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2
Q

Archon

A

Athenian Magistrate

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3
Q

Archon Baseilus

A

Religious Archon

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4
Q

Polemarch

A

Army Archon

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5
Q

Eponymous Archon

A

Civil matters Archon

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6
Q

Thesmothetai

A

6 archons responsible for legal matters

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7
Q

Council of Areopagus

A

Aristocratic council of all ex-archons

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8
Q

Kyrbeis

A

Rotating panels of laws placed in agora

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9
Q

Heliaia

A

Right of appeal

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10
Q

Hektemoroi

A

Tenant farmers

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11
Q

Draco Reforms

A

Introduced law code in 621
Those found guilty of unintentional murder would be exiled

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12
Q

Solon - Slavery Reforms

A

Seisachtheia - cancellation of debts
Outlawed enslavement of anyone unable to repay his debts
Those previously in slavery were freed
Those enslaved and sold abroad were allowed to return to Attica and reclaim their citizenship

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13
Q

Solon - Trade Reforms

A

Banned export of all foodstuffs aside form olive oil - abundant supply
- Suggests aristocrats were price gouging, but this created food shortages and famines
Encouraged men to learn trades rather than to remain farmers
-Second quarter of 6th century, Athenian export of pottery containing olive oil grew sharply

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14
Q

Solon - Class reforms

A

Sought to break overwhelming power of eupatridae
-reorganised class system, basing it on wealth rather than birth
-Meritocracy
-each citizen placed in one of 4 places depending on measure of agricultural produce his land yielded each year (medimnoi)

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15
Q

Solon - Wealth Classes

A

Pentakosiomedimnoi - 500+
Hippeis - 300-500 (Knights - could maintain horse)
Zeugitai 200-300 (Yoke Men - could afford to yoke together 2 oxen)
Thetes - <200 (Menial workers - largest class, didn’t own land, hired labourers)

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16
Q

Solon - Allotment

A

Aristotle : People were chosen by Allotment
Non aristocrats could gain leadership
-aristocratic nature of Council would dilute over time
–Zeugital able to hold lesser offices of state

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17
Q

Solon - Assembly

A

Assembly opened up to all citizenship
-allowed to vote for motions presented to it

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18
Q

Tribe

A

Division of Athenian society with Common ties of religion

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19
Q

Solon - Council

A

Council of 400 members, 100 from each tribe
Deliberative body, discussing and preparing motions for assembly to vote on
Acted to limit power of assembly

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20
Q

Solon - New legislation

A

Introduction of Kyrbeis
New executive legislation built on Draco Legal Code
Legislated in fields such as inheritance, funerals, locations of public wells and planting of trees
Heliaia introduced

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21
Q

Solon - Public Lawsuits

A

Any citizen could prosecute an offence - contrasts to private lawsuits where only injured party of his family could
-Encouraged citizens to identify with the rights of others

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22
Q

Solon - Aftermath

A

Made Athenians promise not to change laws so they could be given time to work
Both rich and poor felt differently
- Poor: Not radical enough Rich: To far
In 2/10 years following, Attica was unable to find Eponymous Archon because of Civil Tension

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23
Q

Solon - Date

A

594/3

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24
Q

Pesistratus - Date

A

561/0

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25
Q

Pesistratus - Changes to Solon?

A

Consolidated Solon’s reforms, all structures remained
Allies appointed to key positions of responsibility

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26
Q

Pesistratus - Local judges

A

Established local judges to resolve disputes in villages outside Athens

27
Q

Cleisthenes - Date

A

508/7

28
Q

Cleisthenes - Deme System

A

Demes created from various districts of the city
-139 Demes in whole of Attica, each having its own council, aseembly, officers, treasurers and demarch.
-Functioned similarly to local governments nowadays
-Athenians encouraged to involve themselves with their communities to gain experience which they could use to serve on the central Athenian government

29
Q

Cleisthenes - Citizenship

A

Deme became defining point of citizenship
-Each citizen registered at their local deme
-Membership became hereditary even if they moved
-Prevented regional factions from re-emerging
-Records were required to be kept by deme officials
-At 18, young men had to register in his father’s deme and pass a citizenship test

30
Q

Cleisthenes -Attica Land Divisions

A

Coastal
Inland
City

31
Q

Cleisthenes - Identity

A

Identified by deme rather than by fathers name
-Old way would indicate status, new system was classless
-hard to tell status by what deme they were registered in

32
Q

Cleisthenes - Tribal System - Goal

A

Goal: Break the various power bases of established aristocratic families
1. Broke up regionally based factions - divide existed among factions, each led by powerful aristocrats
2. Reform of old system of 4 tribes and its control by aristocrats, creating a new system and old 4 tribes being disbanded

33
Q

Cleisthenes - Tribal System

A

10 Tribes created
-Each tribe was named using oracle of Apollo using names of eponymous heroes
-Attica divided into 3 regions
-Trittyes - 30 zones each made up by 1/3 of a tribe
- equal number of men from 3 distinct parts resulted in regioanl loyalties being set aside

34
Q

Cleisthenes - Old Tribes

A

Used for Religious ceremonies, same with Phantry - brotherhoods headed by aristocratic families

35
Q

Cleisthenes - Boule (Council of 500)

A

Each tribe provided 50 men on an annual basis
-had to be 30 to serve, could only do so twice
Prepared agenda for assembly which met each month
Councillors met to dicuss and vote on what to put to the assembly for it to debate and vote on

36
Q

Cleisthenes - Sortition

A

Selection by lot
-Boule: 50 men put forward, selected from a larger list

37
Q

Cleisthenes - Ostracism (Accredited by Aristotle)

A

Annual vote to banish one prominent citizen for 10 years
First recorded in 487
Intended to safeguard agains tyranny - preventative measure
Didn’t lose propety and family was allowed to remain
Could return afterward with full rights

38
Q

Ostracisim - Process

A

-Triggered every december, assembly voted on whether to hold one that year, if so it would be held in Feb or March
-Each person took an Ostrakon - broken pottery - where they’d write the names of who they want ostracised on
-The archons counted the total number of votes cast and if there were fewer than the quorum (6000) it was invalid
-They then sorted votes and whoever had the most was exiled with rights to receive income
-Hipparchus was first to be ostracised

39
Q

Cleisthenes - Strategoi (10 Generals)

A

A board of 10 generals, one from each tribe, responsible for the army
Divided into tribal regiments, elected to serve for 1 year
Elected body

40
Q

Cleomenes

A

Tried to attack Athens 3 times: 508, 506 and 504
508 -Tried to establish new boule - rejected and Athenians got a Persian alliance
506 - Wanted to setup Isagoras as tyrant - fell apart cause of Corinthians
504 - Tried to Setup Hippias as tyrant - fell apart cause of Corinthians

41
Q

Isegoria

A

Equal Right of Speech

42
Q

Isenomia

A

Equal Right of Law

43
Q

5th Century Reforms: Archonship

A

Done by lot - 487/6
-Generals became most powerful politicians and acted more in a judicial way
-Nature of Council changed over time, lost prestige as ex-archons came from all sections of society

44
Q

Battle of Salamis 480 BC

A

Victory for Athens, gave thetes a strong sense of power

45
Q

Delian League 477 BC

A

Defensive league of numerous cities
Formed in order to guard against Persian Nations

46
Q

Metic

A

Registered non-Athenian without rights of citizenship

47
Q

Cleruchy

A

Settlement of Athenian citizens in allied cities

48
Q

Ephialtes - Council (ONLY ONE)

A

Made it more democratic 462/1
Retained law making powers
Deprived council of all its duties except for jurisdiction over homicide and sacrilege - destruction of sacred olive trees
All other powers were transferred to other bodies e.g. law code responsibility
-Ephialtes murdered soon after

49
Q

Pericles - Archonships 457/6

A

Archonships opened up to zeugitai, although all citizens semed to be able to hold office after this date

50
Q

Pericles - Payment

A

Payment introduced to citizens who served in public institutions: council law courts, archons
Allowed poorer citizens to play a full role in the democracy as they could afford to give up their time for it

51
Q

Pericles - Citizenship

A

Tightened citizenship laws - confined to legitimate sons of an Athenian father and mother
-Prevented a large growth in marriage due to marriages between Athenian citizens and non Athenian women

52
Q

Pericles - Economy

A

Encouraged people to divert large amounts to League’s tribute into a building project for the city of Athens
-Glorified Athens and created work for citizens
-Thucydides opposed to policy who wanted more money for military & defence

53
Q

Magistrates

A

Civic body who was responsible for a specific area
e.g. Astynomoi - kept streets clean

54
Q

Dokimasia

A

Scrutiny test given to a citizen before they could serve

55
Q

Euthunai

A

Report given by magistrates for their performance

56
Q

Boule - Proposition

A

Prepared motions to be debated in the assembly, polished several days before the coming assembly

57
Q

Boule - Executive

A

Oversaw implementation of assembly decisions
Ensured decrees were carried out
Managed public property
Supervised spending and collection of public money
Managed building works

58
Q

Boule - Scrutiny

A

Supervised elections and processed the dokimasiai and euthunai of all citizens

59
Q

Boule - Diplomacy

A

Met foreign dignitaries on behalf of the city

60
Q

Prytaneis

A

50 members of one tribe who served as presidents for one month

61
Q

Ekklesia

A

Citizens assembly

62
Q

Parrhesia

A

Right to speak your mind openly and honestly

63
Q

Ephialtes - Date

A

462/1

64
Q

Pericles - Date

A

450s

Classics Democracy (3 decks)

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