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Classics Democracy > Reform Policies > Flashcards

Reform Policies Flashcards

1
Q

Eupatridae

A

Land Owning Elite

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2
Q

Archon

A

Athenian Magistrate

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3
Q

Archon Baseilus

A

Religious Archon

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4
Q

Polemarch

A

Army Archon

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5
Q

Eponymous Archon

A

Civil matters Archon

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6
Q

Thesmothetai

A

6 archons responsible for legal matters

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7
Q

Council of Areopagus

A

Aristocratic council of all ex-archons

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8
Q

Kyrbeis

A

Rotating panels of laws placed in agora

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9
Q

Heliaia

A

Right of appeal

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10
Q

Hektemoroi

A

Tenant farmers

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11
Q

Draco Reforms

A

Introduced law code in 621
Those found guilty of unintentional murder would be exiled

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12
Q

Solon - Slavery Reforms

A

Seisachtheia - cancellation of debts
Outlawed enslavement of anyone unable to repay his debts
Those previously in slavery were freed
Those enslaved and sold abroad were allowed to return to Attica and reclaim their citizenship

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13
Q

Solon - Trade Reforms

A

Banned export of all foodstuffs aside form olive oil - abundant supply
- Suggests aristocrats were price gouging, but this created food shortages and famines
Encouraged men to learn trades rather than to remain farmers
-Second quarter of 6th century, Athenian export of pottery containing olive oil grew sharply

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14
Q

Solon - Class reforms

A

Sought to break overwhelming power of eupatridae
-reorganised class system, basing it on wealth rather than birth
-Meritocracy
-each citizen placed in one of 4 places depending on measure of agricultural produce his land yielded each year (medimnoi)

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15
Q

Solon - Wealth Classes

A

Pentakosiomedimnoi - 500+
Hippeis - 300-500 (Knights - could maintain horse)
Zeugitai 200-300 (Yoke Men - could afford to yoke together 2 oxen)
Thetes - <200 (Menial workers - largest class, didn’t own land, hired labourers)

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16
Q

Solon - Allotment

A

Aristotle : People were chosen by Allotment
Non aristocrats could gain leadership
-aristocratic nature of Council would dilute over time
–Zeugital able to hold lesser offices of state

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17
Q

Solon - Assembly

A

Assembly opened up to all citizenship
-allowed to vote for motions presented to it

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18
Q

Tribe

A

Division of Athenian society with Common ties of religion

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19
Q

Solon - Council

A

Council of 400 members, 100 from each tribe
Deliberative body, discussing and preparing motions for assembly to vote on
Acted to limit power of assembly

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20
Q

Solon - New legislation

A

Introduction of Kyrbeis
New executive legislation built on Draco Legal Code
Legislated in fields such as inheritance, funerals, locations of public wells and planting of trees
Heliaia introduced

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21
Q

Solon - Public Lawsuits

A

Any citizen could prosecute an offence - contrasts to private lawsuits where only injured party of his family could
-Encouraged citizens to identify with the rights of others

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22
Q

Solon - Aftermath

A

Made Athenians promise not to change laws so they could be given time to work
Both rich and poor felt differently
- Poor: Not radical enough Rich: To far
In 2/10 years following, Attica was unable to find Eponymous Archon because of Civil Tension

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23
Q

Solon - Date

A

594/3

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24
Q

Pesistratus - Date

A

561/0

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25
Pesistratus - Changes to Solon?
Consolidated Solon's reforms, all structures remained Allies appointed to key positions of responsibility
26
Pesistratus - Local judges
Established local judges to resolve disputes in villages outside Athens
27
Cleisthenes - Date
508/7
28
Cleisthenes - Deme System
Demes created from various districts of the city -139 Demes in whole of Attica, each having its own council, aseembly, officers, treasurers and demarch. -Functioned similarly to local governments nowadays -Athenians encouraged to involve themselves with their communities to gain experience which they could use to serve on the central Athenian government
29
Cleisthenes - Citizenship
Deme became defining point of citizenship -Each citizen registered at their local deme -Membership became hereditary even if they moved -Prevented regional factions from re-emerging -Records were required to be kept by deme officials -At 18, young men had to register in his father's deme and pass a citizenship test
30
Cleisthenes -Attica Land Divisions
Coastal Inland City
31
Cleisthenes - Identity
Identified by deme rather than by fathers name -Old way would indicate status, new system was classless -hard to tell status by what deme they were registered in
32
Cleisthenes - Tribal System - Goal
Goal: Break the various power bases of established aristocratic families 1. Broke up regionally based factions - divide existed among factions, each led by powerful aristocrats 2. Reform of old system of 4 tribes and its control by aristocrats, creating a new system and old 4 tribes being disbanded
33
Cleisthenes - Tribal System
10 Tribes created -Each tribe was named using oracle of Apollo using names of eponymous heroes -Attica divided into 3 regions -Trittyes - 30 zones each made up by 1/3 of a tribe - equal number of men from 3 distinct parts resulted in regioanl loyalties being set aside
34
Cleisthenes - Old Tribes
Used for Religious ceremonies, same with Phantry - brotherhoods headed by aristocratic families
35
Cleisthenes - Boule (Council of 500)
Each tribe provided 50 men on an annual basis -had to be 30 to serve, could only do so twice Prepared agenda for assembly which met each month Councillors met to dicuss and vote on what to put to the assembly for it to debate and vote on
36
Cleisthenes - Sortition
Selection by lot -Boule: 50 men put forward, selected from a larger list
37
Cleisthenes - Ostracism (Accredited by Aristotle)
Annual vote to banish one prominent citizen for 10 years First recorded in 487 Intended to safeguard agains tyranny - preventative measure Didn't lose propety and family was allowed to remain Could return afterward with full rights
38
Ostracisim - Process
-Triggered every december, assembly voted on whether to hold one that year, if so it would be held in Feb or March -Each person took an Ostrakon - broken pottery - where they'd write the names of who they want ostracised on -The archons counted the total number of votes cast and if there were fewer than the quorum (6000) it was invalid -They then sorted votes and whoever had the most was exiled with rights to receive income -Hipparchus was first to be ostracised
39
Cleisthenes - Strategoi (10 Generals)
A board of 10 generals, one from each tribe, responsible for the army Divided into tribal regiments, elected to serve for 1 year Elected body
40
Cleomenes
Tried to attack Athens 3 times: 508, 506 and 504 508 -Tried to establish new boule - rejected and Athenians got a Persian alliance 506 - Wanted to setup Isagoras as tyrant - fell apart cause of Corinthians 504 - Tried to Setup Hippias as tyrant - fell apart cause of Corinthians
41
Isegoria
Equal Right of Speech
42
Isenomia
Equal Right of Law
43
5th Century Reforms: Archonship
Done by lot - 487/6 -Generals became most powerful politicians and acted more in a judicial way -Nature of Council changed over time, lost prestige as ex-archons came from all sections of society
44
Battle of Salamis 480 BC
Victory for Athens, gave thetes a strong sense of power
45
Delian League 477 BC
Defensive league of numerous cities Formed in order to guard against Persian Nations
46
Metic
Registered non-Athenian without rights of citizenship
47
Cleruchy
Settlement of Athenian citizens in allied cities
48
Ephialtes - Council (ONLY ONE)
Made it more democratic 462/1 Retained law making powers Deprived council of all its duties except for jurisdiction over homicide and sacrilege - destruction of sacred olive trees All other powers were transferred to other bodies e.g. law code responsibility -Ephialtes murdered soon after
49
Pericles - Archonships 457/6
Archonships opened up to zeugitai, although all citizens semed to be able to hold office after this date
50
Pericles - Payment
Payment introduced to citizens who served in public institutions: council law courts, archons Allowed poorer citizens to play a full role in the democracy as they could afford to give up their time for it
51
Pericles - Citizenship
Tightened citizenship laws - confined to legitimate sons of an Athenian father and mother -Prevented a large growth in marriage due to marriages between Athenian citizens and non Athenian women
52
Pericles - Economy
Encouraged people to divert large amounts to League's tribute into a building project for the city of Athens -Glorified Athens and created work for citizens -Thucydides opposed to policy who wanted more money for military & defence
53
Magistrates
Civic body who was responsible for a specific area e.g. Astynomoi - kept streets clean
54
Dokimasia
Scrutiny test given to a citizen before they could serve
55
Euthunai
Report given by magistrates for their performance
56
Boule - Proposition
Prepared motions to be debated in the assembly, polished several days before the coming assembly
57
Boule - Executive
*Oversaw implementation of assembly decisions* Ensured decrees were carried out Managed public property Supervised spending and collection of public money Managed building works
58
Boule - Scrutiny
Supervised elections and processed the dokimasiai and euthunai of all citizens
59
Boule - Diplomacy
Met foreign dignitaries on behalf of the city
60
Prytaneis
50 members of one tribe who served as presidents for one month
61
Ekklesia
Citizens assembly
62
Parrhesia
Right to speak your mind openly and honestly
63
Ephialtes - Date
462/1
64
Pericles - Date
450s

Classics Democracy (3 decks)

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