References Flashcards
Who states that most RR studies evaluate the role of EITHER flow or form, without regarding their interactions?
Lane (2017)
Who states “o Healthy, self-sustaining river systems provide important ecological and social goods and services upon which human life depends”?
Postel & Ritcher (2003)
Who defines RR as being “aimed at restoring the natural state and functioning of the river system in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and landscape development”?
European Centre for River Restoration (2014)
Who believes RR is often carried out in response to damage/loss caused by humans, and has become a multi-billion dollar industry?
Wohl et al. (2015)
Who describes traditional river management practices as “hard”?
Christine et al. (2005)
Who believes that Engineered Log Jams (ELG’s) offer a seemingly effective NFM tactic?
Dixon et al. (2016)
Who states that improving the river appearance provides additional ecosystem services?
Nisbet et al. (2011a)
Who defines Floodplain Restoration as:
“The tactical imbedding of native trees on floodplains – areas already recognised as suitable ‘sinks’ for excess water”?
Wolf & Burgess (1994)
“Increased hydraulic resistance from ELJ’s can reduce downstream peak discharge by as much as 14% in a flood event”
Who said this?
Lui et al. (2004)
Which river had its flood storage capacity increased to 85,000m3?
River Quaggy, London
Who attributes failure of RR projects to ambiguity surrounding its definition and true purpose?
Palmer et al. (2014b)
Who states that RR failure is reflected in criteria such as water quality or biological communities?
Violin et al. (2011)
“Riverfront revitalization projects may be successful in increasing economic and social activity near a river but can constrain natural processes of the river and floodplain”
Who said this?
Johansson & Nilsson (2002)
Who states that channel reconfiguration from a braided to a single-thread morphology may be aesthetically pleasing but inappropriate for local geomorphic conditions?
Kondolf et al. (2001)
Who defines RR as:
“ A multi-functional solution for stopping habitat loss/fragmentation and restoring ecosystems”
Schindler et al. (2015)
Who defines RR as:
“A means of modifying the flood hydrograph to benefit communities downstream”
Dixon et al. (2016)
Who believes there is difficult deciding which past river state is conducive to improved river form and function, thus deemed to be worth restoring?
Wohl & Merritts (2007)
Who states: “Restoration is also often perceived as a recreation of an equilibrium river state; a dynamic state often incorrectly interpreted as ‘stable’”?
Adams (1997)
“a lack of baseline measurements mean post-restoration river state cannot be compared with that before intervention was carried out”
Who said this?
Dadson et al. (2017)
Who believes that in one area, RR may be effective scientifically, but if the project does not have the support from the community, is it truly successful?
Bujis (2009)
“Restoration must be underpinned by sound scientific principles founded upon an understanding of the interactions between ecology and supporting physical and chemical processes” Who said this?
Clarke et al. (2004)
Who identifies that the periphery of Greenland is ‘fringed’ by mountains?
Bamber et al. (2007)
“The ice sheet is accumulating mass at the interior, but losing at the margins – concentrated in areas of outlet glaciers”
Who said this?
Krabill et al. (2004)
Who identifies that Greenland is one of the largest contributors to global glacier mass loss – as a result of climate-driven changes?
Milner et al. (2015)
Whose research showed an unprecedented melt event occurring in 2012?
Ngheim et al. (2012)
Who:
1) was the first to identify seasonal variations in ice flux, and attributed this to increased meltwater reaching the bed, increasing basal motion
2) proposed that basal lubrication from supraglacial lake drainage was the cause of increased ice flux to the margins in Greenland facilitating faster flow
Zwally et al. (2002a)
“When these crevasses form, it can take a mere 2–18 hours to empty a lake, supplying warm water to the base of the glacier - lubricating the bed and causing the glacier to surge”
Who says this?
Krawczynski et al. (2007)
Who found seasonal velocity variations of ice sheets – supporting the notion that increased summer melting causes increased intra-glacial flow to the bed, and thus enhanced flux?
Joughin et al. (2008)
Who found correlations between ice velocity and measured surface melt rates?
van de Wal et al. (2008)
Who observed drainage of a supra-glacial lake in Greenland caused by water-driven fracture propagation*, and suggested the short-lived dynamic response suggests that an efficient drainage system dispersed the meltwater sub-glacially?
Das et al. (2008)
Who used ground penetrating radar surveys, and found multiple vertical structures in areas of extending flow?
Catania et al. (2008)
Who found that for a lake on the western Greenland Ice Sheet, drainage events are preceded by a 6–12 hour period of ice-sheet uplift and/or enhanced basal slip?
Stevens et al. (2015)
Who found that competing effects of sliding, variations in meltwater input, and evolution of the subglacial drainage system cause variations in speed through the melt season?
Chu et al. (2016)
Despite record summer melting, how much did net annual ice motion subsequently reduce in 2012 than in 2009?
6%
“Supra-glacial lakes appear to be forming more at higher elevations in response to warming, but rarely create Moulins there”
Who said this?
Poinar et al. (2015)
Who states “flux can increase with decreasing thickness if the loss of bed traction exceeds the loss of driving stress” - thus supporting the theory of increased calving causing reduced restrictive forces?
Pfeffer (2007)
Who found that nearly all the observed glaciers in SE Greenland show net retreat, thinning and acceleration, with speed-up corresponding to retreat?
Howat et al. (2008)
Who found that step-wise changes in glacier flow speed coincide with calving and glacial earthquakes at Helheim Glacier?
Nettles et al. (2008)
“Among glaciers with substantial [seasonal] speed variations, we find three distinct seasonal velocity patterns. One pattern indicates relatively high glacier sensitivity to ice-front position. The other two patterns are more prevalent and appear to be meltwater controlled”
Who says this?
Moon et al. (2014)
