References

Question 1

Who states that most RR studies evaluate the role of EITHER flow or form, without regarding their interactions?

Answer 1

Lane (2017)

Question 2

Who states “o Healthy, self-sustaining river systems provide important ecological and social goods and services upon which human life depends”?

Answer 2

Postel & Ritcher (2003)

Question 3

Who defines RR as being “aimed at restoring the natural state and functioning of the river system in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and landscape development”?

Answer 3

European Centre for River Restoration (2014)

Question 4

Who believes RR is often carried out in response to damage/loss caused by humans, and has become a multi-billion dollar industry?

Answer 4

Wohl et al. (2015)

Question 5

Who describes traditional river management practices as “hard”?

Answer 5

Christine et al. (2005)

Question 6

Who believes that Engineered Log Jams (ELG’s) offer a seemingly effective NFM tactic?

Answer 6

Dixon et al. (2016)

Question 7

Who states that improving the river appearance provides additional ecosystem services?

Answer 7

Nisbet et al. (2011a)

Question 8

Who defines Floodplain Restoration as:

“The tactical imbedding of native trees on floodplains – areas already recognised as suitable ‘sinks’ for excess water”?

Answer 8

Wolf & Burgess (1994)

Question 9

“Increased hydraulic resistance from ELJ’s can reduce downstream peak discharge by as much as 14% in a flood event”

Who said this?

Answer 9

Lui et al. (2004)

Question 10

Which river had its flood storage capacity increased to 85,000m3?

Answer 10

River Quaggy, London

Question 11

Who attributes failure of RR projects to ambiguity surrounding its definition and true purpose?

Answer 11

Palmer et al. (2014b)

Question 12

Who states that RR failure is reflected in criteria such as water quality or biological communities?

Answer 12

Violin et al. (2011)

Question 13

“Riverfront revitalization projects may be successful in increasing economic and social activity near a river but can constrain natural processes of the river and floodplain”

Who said this?

Answer 13

Johansson & Nilsson (2002)

Question 14

Who states that channel reconfiguration from a braided to a single-thread morphology may be aesthetically pleasing but inappropriate for local geomorphic conditions?

Answer 14

Kondolf et al. (2001)

Question 15

Who defines RR as:

“ A multi-functional solution for stopping habitat loss/fragmentation and restoring ecosystems”

Answer 15

Schindler et al. (2015)

Question 16

Who defines RR as:

“A means of modifying the flood hydrograph to benefit communities downstream”

Answer 16

Dixon et al. (2016)

Question 17

Who believes there is difficult deciding which past river state is conducive to improved river form and function, thus deemed to be worth restoring?

Answer 17

Wohl & Merritts (2007)

Question 18

Who states: “Restoration is also often perceived as a recreation of an equilibrium river state; a dynamic state often incorrectly interpreted as ‘stable’”?

Answer 18

Adams (1997)

Question 19

“a lack of baseline measurements mean post-restoration river state cannot be compared with that before intervention was carried out”

Who said this?

Answer 19

Dadson et al. (2017)

Question 20

Who believes that in one area, RR may be effective scientifically, but if the project does not have the support from the community, is it truly successful?

Answer 20

Bujis (2009)

Question 21

“Restoration must be underpinned by sound scientific principles founded upon an understanding of the interactions between ecology and supporting physical and chemical processes” Who said this?

Answer 21

Clarke et al. (2004)

Question 22

Who identifies that the periphery of Greenland is ‘fringed’ by mountains?

Answer 22

Bamber et al. (2007)

Question 23

“The ice sheet is accumulating mass at the interior, but losing at the margins – concentrated in areas of outlet glaciers”

Who said this?

Answer 23

Krabill et al. (2004)

Question 24

Who identifies that Greenland is one of the largest contributors to global glacier mass loss – as a result of climate-driven changes?

Answer 24

Milner et al. (2015)

Question 25

Whose research showed an unprecedented melt event occurring in 2012?

Answer 25

Ngheim et al. (2012)

Question 26

Who:

1) was the first to identify seasonal variations in ice flux, and attributed this to increased meltwater reaching the bed, increasing basal motion
2) proposed that basal lubrication from supraglacial lake drainage was the cause of increased ice flux to the margins in Greenland facilitating faster flow

Answer 26

Zwally et al. (2002a)

Question 27

“When these crevasses form, it can take a mere 2–18 hours to empty a lake, supplying warm water to the base of the glacier - lubricating the bed and causing the glacier to surge”

Who says this?

Answer 27

Krawczynski et al. (2007)

Question 28

Who found seasonal velocity variations of ice sheets – supporting the notion that increased summer melting causes increased intra-glacial flow to the bed, and thus enhanced flux?

Answer 28

Joughin et al. (2008)

Question 29

Who found correlations between ice velocity and measured surface melt rates?

Answer 29

van de Wal et al. (2008)

Question 30

Who observed drainage of a supra-glacial lake in Greenland caused by water-driven fracture propagation*, and suggested the short-lived dynamic response suggests that an efficient drainage system dispersed the meltwater sub-glacially?

Answer 30

Das et al. (2008)

Question 31

Who used ground penetrating radar surveys, and found multiple vertical structures in areas of extending flow?

Answer 31

Catania et al. (2008)

Question 32

Who found that for a lake on the western Greenland Ice Sheet, drainage events are preceded by a 6–12 hour period of ice-sheet uplift and/or enhanced basal slip?

Answer 32

Stevens et al. (2015)

Question 33

Who found that competing effects of sliding, variations in meltwater input, and evolution of the subglacial drainage system cause variations in speed through the melt season?

Answer 33

Chu et al. (2016)

Question 34

Despite record summer melting, how much did net annual ice motion subsequently reduce in 2012 than in 2009?

Answer 34

6%

Question 35

“Supra-glacial lakes appear to be forming more at higher elevations in response to warming, but rarely create Moulins there”

Who said this?

Answer 35

Poinar et al. (2015)

Question 36

Who states “flux can increase with decreasing thickness if the loss of bed traction exceeds the loss of driving stress” - thus supporting the theory of increased calving causing reduced restrictive forces?

Answer 36

Pfeffer (2007)

Question 37

Who found that nearly all the observed glaciers in SE Greenland show net retreat, thinning and acceleration, with speed-up corresponding to retreat?

Answer 37

Howat et al. (2008)

Question 38

Who found that step-wise changes in glacier flow speed coincide with calving and glacial earthquakes at Helheim Glacier?

Answer 38

Nettles et al. (2008)

Question 39

“Among glaciers with substantial [seasonal] speed variations, we find three distinct seasonal velocity patterns. One pattern indicates relatively high glacier sensitivity to ice-front position. The other two patterns are more prevalent and appear to be meltwater controlled”

Who says this?

Answer 39

Moon et al. (2014)