References Flashcards
Who initially suggested that variation in Earth’s long-term climate was caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun?
Milankovitch (1938)
What does Berger (2012) state about the 100kyr Problem?
“it remains puzzling and unsolved”
Who states that Oxygen Isotope records reflect existence and presence of Milankovitch cycles in the marine record?
Hays et al. (1976a)
What did Paillard (2001) find?
Pacing and amplitude modulation of ice volume matches those of obliquity and precession.
Who found evidence for Milankovitch theory (precession) in the Tropics through analysis of monsoon intensity through Speleotherm d18O records?
Cruz et al. (2004, 2006)
Who states that the apparent domination of the 100kyr glaciation cycle doesn’t match patterns of solar insolation - thus suggesting glaciations are not caused by Milankovitch Cycles?
Paillard (2006)
What does Puetz et al. (2016) believe?
Most data regarding MC’s are ‘tuned’ - reducing reliability and highlighting researcher bias and reliance on age-models used.
What does Ruddiman (2001) believe is the cause for the transition from 41kyr to 100kyr glaciation cycles ~900kyr ago?
Change in ice sheet boundary conditions, so only very favorable combinations or orbital parameters resulted in ice sheet growth.
Who believes that models of obliquity controlled cycles accurately predict interglacials?
Tzedakis et al. (2017)
What does Henderson & Slowey (2000)’s research from 18O records from Nevada suggest?
That the timing of the penultimate glaciation is incompatible with Milankovitch’s theory.
Who suggests the ‘Faint Young Sun’ paradox lacks evidence, and young Earth’s CO2 levels were too low to significantly affect EST?
Goldblatt & Zahnle (2010)
Who developed the BLAG model?
Berner, Lasaga & Garells (1983)
What did Parsons (1982) find in regard to seafloor spreading.
Recent evidence for the past 100kyr suggests there was only a 10-20% increase in SF spreading rate compared to now.
Who states that more research is needed to solve the SF spreading rate problem and increase confidence in the BLAG model?
Berner & Barron (1984)
What model did Raymo & Ruddiman (1992) develop?
The Uplift-Weathering Model
Who proposed that the Northward movement of India, and consequent collision between the Eurasian and Indian continents was the cause of CO2 reductions and temperature decrease of the Cenozoic?
Kent & Muttoni (2008)
What did Alley et al. (1997) find?
The 8.2kyr Event correlates with dry conditions in many NH locations.
Who suggests that the period of drought caused by the Holocene Climatic Optimum was coincident with the collapse of the Ubaid culture?
Parker et al. (2006)
Who believes the beginning of the Anthropocene coincides with the Industrial Revolution of the 1700-1800’s?
Crutzen (2002) and Steffen et al. (2007)
When does Zalasiewiscz et al (2015) suggest the Anthropocene begun?
July 1945 - the date of the first nuclear bomb explosion
Who believes the beginning of the Anthropocene coincides with a peak in global 14C (thus a change in stratigraphic deposits)?
Lewis & Maslin (2015)
When does Stuart et al. (2014) suggest the Anthropocene begun?
1610: The Orbis Spike - the first ‘meeting’ of Old and New worlds, which catalyzed CO2 reductions due to population shrinkage (due to disease, conflict) and reductions in farming and regrowth of trees.
Who developed the Early Anthropocene Hypothesis?
Ruddiman et al. (2005)
What did Tzedakis et al. (2012) find?
No glacial phase is expected in the next 1500 years due to current high levels of CO2
What were the main findings of Ganopolski & Rahmstorf (2001)’s model results when testing for sensitivty of MOC?
~ Interglacials require LARGE changes to switch the MOC off
~ Large freshwater flux increase makes NADW formation drop to 0
~ Once MOC is in ‘off’ mode, FW input must very substantially reduced before it restarts
~ The MOC is a ‘bistable’ system
What were the main findings of Ganopolski & Rahmstorf (2001)’s model when forced with FW flux changes?
~ NADW formation decreases with increased FW flux
~ Greenland temperature increases
~ North Atlantic SST decreases
What does Alvarez-Solas et al. (2013) suggest?
Ocean circulation changes are responsible for Heinrich events.
What did Heinrich (1988) find?
6 distinct peaks in Ice-Raft Debris during the last glacial, coincident with periods of low SST.
Who suggested that oceanic absorption of CO2 may result in larger pH changes over the next several centuries than any found in the geological record (300 million years)?
Caldeira & Wickett (2003)
What does Rhein et al. (2013) suggest?
Ocean warming accounts for 93% of total increase in Earth’s energy storage 1971-2010
Who says there is reason to expect more extreme weather events in teh future due to increases in solar energy going into the ocean (result of melting ice)?
NOAA (2012)
Whose research in Barbados showed sea levels rose at an accelerated rate between 10-7kaBP?
Fairbanks (1989)
Whose research on teh Huon Peninsula (New Guinea) coral reef terraces showed sea levels were 6m higher than present during the Ipswichian?
Chappell (1974)
How much will sea level rise if Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets melt according to Warrick & Oerlemans (1990)?
~70m
What did Shennan et al. (2018) find?
Radically different sea relative sea level patters in Britain and Ireland as you move South.
South: gradual SL rise
North: non-monotonic RSL change
What was Diamond’s (2011) definition of societal collapse?
A dramatic reduction in population size and/or political/economic/social complexity over a considerable area for an extended period of time.
Who defines “8 categories of threat that can lead to environmental damage” and “5 Significant Factor Groups in Societal Collapse”?
Diamond (2011)
Who investigated the “Flight from the Hills”?
Burgess (1989)
What did Zieldinski et al. (1995) find?
No clear relationship between volcanic activity and environmental stress in trees found in Britain.
Who suggests changes in climate drive changes in activity/socio-cultural responses?
Turney et al. (2006)
What do Weiss & Bradley (2001) suggest?
Past droughts have been highly influential in the collapse of major civilizations (eg. Ancient Egyptian empire)
Who found no relationship between phases of human activity/non-activity and periods of wetter/drier conditions of Irish peat bogs?
Plunkett et al. (2012)
Which civilization does Dugmore et al. (2007) suggest was wiped out by other factors in addition to climate?
The Norse of Greenland
When did Tyndall carry out his Greenhouse Gas absorptivity experiment?
1862
Who believes that loss of glaciers will impact millions?
Pritchard (2017)
How much ice mass loss may the Himalaya see over the next 100 years according to Kaab et al. (2015)?
50%
Who states that larger glaciers respond slower to climate changes?
Grudd (1990)
Who found that 20 potential sites in Nepal are at risk of future lake outburst floods?
Shrestha & Pandey (2015)
What does Milner et al. (2015) predict for the future of global climate?
Temperatures will continue to rise
Who believes volcanic activity caused the Little Ice Age?
NCAR (2012)
Who states that there is a scientific consensus that CO2 is causing global warming on a global level?
Oreskes (2004)
