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References Flashcards

1
Q

Who initially suggested that variation in Earth’s long-term climate was caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun?

A

Milankovitch (1938)

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2
Q

What does Berger (2012) state about the 100kyr Problem?

A

“it remains puzzling and unsolved”

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3
Q

Who states that Oxygen Isotope records reflect existence and presence of Milankovitch cycles in the marine record?

A

Hays et al. (1976a)

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4
Q

What did Paillard (2001) find?

A

Pacing and amplitude modulation of ice volume matches those of obliquity and precession.

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5
Q

Who found evidence for Milankovitch theory (precession) in the Tropics through analysis of monsoon intensity through Speleotherm d18O records?

A

Cruz et al. (2004, 2006)

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6
Q

Who states that the apparent domination of the 100kyr glaciation cycle doesn’t match patterns of solar insolation - thus suggesting glaciations are not caused by Milankovitch Cycles?

A

Paillard (2006)

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7
Q

What does Puetz et al. (2016) believe?

A

Most data regarding MC’s are ‘tuned’ - reducing reliability and highlighting researcher bias and reliance on age-models used.

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8
Q

What does Ruddiman (2001) believe is the cause for the transition from 41kyr to 100kyr glaciation cycles ~900kyr ago?

A

Change in ice sheet boundary conditions, so only very favorable combinations or orbital parameters resulted in ice sheet growth.

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9
Q

Who believes that models of obliquity controlled cycles accurately predict interglacials?

A

Tzedakis et al. (2017)

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10
Q

What does Henderson & Slowey (2000)’s research from 18O records from Nevada suggest?

A

That the timing of the penultimate glaciation is incompatible with Milankovitch’s theory.

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11
Q

Who suggests the ‘Faint Young Sun’ paradox lacks evidence, and young Earth’s CO2 levels were too low to significantly affect EST?

A

Goldblatt & Zahnle (2010)

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12
Q

Who developed the BLAG model?

A

Berner, Lasaga & Garells (1983)

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13
Q

What did Parsons (1982) find in regard to seafloor spreading.

A

Recent evidence for the past 100kyr suggests there was only a 10-20% increase in SF spreading rate compared to now.

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14
Q

Who states that more research is needed to solve the SF spreading rate problem and increase confidence in the BLAG model?

A

Berner & Barron (1984)

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15
Q

What model did Raymo & Ruddiman (1992) develop?

A

The Uplift-Weathering Model

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16
Q

Who proposed that the Northward movement of India, and consequent collision between the Eurasian and Indian continents was the cause of CO2 reductions and temperature decrease of the Cenozoic?

A

Kent & Muttoni (2008)

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17
Q

What did Alley et al. (1997) find?

A

The 8.2kyr Event correlates with dry conditions in many NH locations.

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18
Q

Who suggests that the period of drought caused by the Holocene Climatic Optimum was coincident with the collapse of the Ubaid culture?

A

Parker et al. (2006)

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19
Q

Who believes the beginning of the Anthropocene coincides with the Industrial Revolution of the 1700-1800’s?

A

Crutzen (2002) and Steffen et al. (2007)

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20
Q

When does Zalasiewiscz et al (2015) suggest the Anthropocene begun?

A

July 1945 - the date of the first nuclear bomb explosion

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21
Q

Who believes the beginning of the Anthropocene coincides with a peak in global 14C (thus a change in stratigraphic deposits)?

A

Lewis & Maslin (2015)

22
Q

When does Stuart et al. (2014) suggest the Anthropocene begun?

A

1610: The Orbis Spike - the first ‘meeting’ of Old and New worlds, which catalyzed CO2 reductions due to population shrinkage (due to disease, conflict) and reductions in farming and regrowth of trees.

23
Q

Who developed the Early Anthropocene Hypothesis?

A

Ruddiman et al. (2005)

24
Q

What did Tzedakis et al. (2012) find?

A

No glacial phase is expected in the next 1500 years due to current high levels of CO2

25
Q

What were the main findings of Ganopolski & Rahmstorf (2001)’s model results when testing for sensitivty of MOC?

A

~ Interglacials require LARGE changes to switch the MOC off
~ Large freshwater flux increase makes NADW formation drop to 0
~ Once MOC is in ‘off’ mode, FW input must very substantially reduced before it restarts
~ The MOC is a ‘bistable’ system

26
Q

What were the main findings of Ganopolski & Rahmstorf (2001)’s model when forced with FW flux changes?

A

~ NADW formation decreases with increased FW flux
~ Greenland temperature increases
~ North Atlantic SST decreases

27
Q

What does Alvarez-Solas et al. (2013) suggest?

A

Ocean circulation changes are responsible for Heinrich events.

28
Q

What did Heinrich (1988) find?

A

6 distinct peaks in Ice-Raft Debris during the last glacial, coincident with periods of low SST.

29
Q

Who suggested that oceanic absorption of CO2 may result in larger pH changes over the next several centuries than any found in the geological record (300 million years)?

A

Caldeira & Wickett (2003)

30
Q

What does Rhein et al. (2013) suggest?

A

Ocean warming accounts for 93% of total increase in Earth’s energy storage 1971-2010

31
Q

Who says there is reason to expect more extreme weather events in teh future due to increases in solar energy going into the ocean (result of melting ice)?

A

NOAA (2012)

32
Q

Whose research in Barbados showed sea levels rose at an accelerated rate between 10-7kaBP?

A

Fairbanks (1989)

33
Q

Whose research on teh Huon Peninsula (New Guinea) coral reef terraces showed sea levels were 6m higher than present during the Ipswichian?

A

Chappell (1974)

34
Q

How much will sea level rise if Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets melt according to Warrick & Oerlemans (1990)?

A

~70m

35
Q

What did Shennan et al. (2018) find?

A

Radically different sea relative sea level patters in Britain and Ireland as you move South.
South: gradual SL rise
North: non-monotonic RSL change

36
Q

What was Diamond’s (2011) definition of societal collapse?

A

A dramatic reduction in population size and/or political/economic/social complexity over a considerable area for an extended period of time.

37
Q

Who defines “8 categories of threat that can lead to environmental damage” and “5 Significant Factor Groups in Societal Collapse”?

A

Diamond (2011)

38
Q

Who investigated the “Flight from the Hills”?

A

Burgess (1989)

39
Q

What did Zieldinski et al. (1995) find?

A

No clear relationship between volcanic activity and environmental stress in trees found in Britain.

40
Q

Who suggests changes in climate drive changes in activity/socio-cultural responses?

A

Turney et al. (2006)

41
Q

What do Weiss & Bradley (2001) suggest?

A

Past droughts have been highly influential in the collapse of major civilizations (eg. Ancient Egyptian empire)

42
Q

Who found no relationship between phases of human activity/non-activity and periods of wetter/drier conditions of Irish peat bogs?

A

Plunkett et al. (2012)

43
Q

Which civilization does Dugmore et al. (2007) suggest was wiped out by other factors in addition to climate?

A

The Norse of Greenland

44
Q

When did Tyndall carry out his Greenhouse Gas absorptivity experiment?

A

1862

45
Q

Who believes that loss of glaciers will impact millions?

A

Pritchard (2017)

46
Q

How much ice mass loss may the Himalaya see over the next 100 years according to Kaab et al. (2015)?

A

50%

47
Q

Who states that larger glaciers respond slower to climate changes?

A

Grudd (1990)

48
Q

Who found that 20 potential sites in Nepal are at risk of future lake outburst floods?

A

Shrestha & Pandey (2015)

49
Q

What does Milner et al. (2015) predict for the future of global climate?

A

Temperatures will continue to rise

50
Q

Who believes volcanic activity caused the Little Ice Age?

A

NCAR (2012)

51
Q

Who states that there is a scientific consensus that CO2 is causing global warming on a global level?

A

Oreskes (2004)

climate systems (3 decks)

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