References

Question 1

Dornelas et al 2006

Answer 1

Compared natural distribution stony corals to simulated neutral models and found that spatio-temporal environmental stochasticity is major driver of diversity patterns on coral reefs

Question 2

Bellwood et al. 2004

Answer 2

Came up with the ball metaphor to describe states in marine ecosystems - specifically was looking at how chronic disturbances led to vulnerability to acute stress in context of sea urchins

Question 3

Pratchett et al. 2020

Answer 3

found directional shifts in coral assemblages

Question 4

Pratchett et al. 2016

Answer 4

found negative relationship between polyp size and bleaching susceptibility –> heterotrophy?

Question 5

Pratchett et al. 2014

Answer 5

Found COTS outbreaks occur after droughts, 2-5 years after flooding

Question 6

Swearman 2008

Answer 6

Reefs with COTS outbreaks are less severe in no-take zones

Question 7

Gilmour et al. 2013

Answer 7

Found that amount of recruitment mirrors amount of coral coverage (directly proportional)

Question 8

Ortiz et al. 2018

Answer 8

Recovery has Decreased by 84% in GBR between 1992-2010

Question 9

Halford et al. 2004

Answer 9

Coral coverage can recover within 5-10 years

Question 10

McWilliam et al 2018

Answer 10

Facilitation between corals has been recorded as multispecies group have higher productivity than monocultures

Question 11

Roth et al 2020

Answer 11

Pioneer communities have high carbon and nitrogen fixation

Question 12

Hall et al. 2001

Answer 12

Healing of coral tissues takes about 12 days. Slow healing due to colonization of algae

Question 13

Albany et al. 2004

Answer 13

Predator exclusion enhances recruitment of fish and additional removal of competitors enhanced it even more

Question 14

Bond et al. 2018

Answer 14

Predators have greatest influence on prey when predation is concentrated on a few species – therefore trophic cascades more probable when predation is focused on a single trophic leve

Question 15

Madin et al. 2020

Answer 15

Found at 4/24 coral reef sites that there’s fewer predators, there’s less coral

Question 16

Hoeksema & de Voogd 2012

Answer 16

Free-living corals wriggle away from competitors; therefore competition must exist within coral reefs

Question 17

Desbiens et al. 2021

Answer 17

“The diversity of species within coral reef food webs and their associations with bottom-up drivers likely buffers against trophic cascading across GBR functional guilds when reef shark assemblages are depleted, as has been demonstrated in other complex ecosystems.”

Question 18

Svensson et al. 2017

Answer 18

Found implementing warming conditions collapsed a 4 tier trophic chain down to 3 in algal marine system (artificially heated Baltic Sea)

Question 19

Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2017

Answer 19

climate change initially impacts warm water reefs and models have projected decimation of these systems as soon as 2040/50 and risk of mass bleaching events is steadily increasing also looked at acidification and found coral calcification has reduced 14.2% since 1990 in GBR

Question 20

Hughes et al. 2017

Answer 20

450 CO2 tipping point –> phase shift towards algae dominated reefs

Question 21

Death et al. 2012

Answer 21

27 year decline of coral reefs of the GBR - lists all the problems, causes, and projections - when in doubt, De’ath

Question 22

Hughes et al. 2019

Answer 22

Found that fish communities were more biodiverse with more biodiverse corals/benthic community. Found more frequent bleaching events in GBR