Reducing Global Inequalities

Question 1

Development Strategies can be Top-_____ or Bottom-____.

Answer 1

Down…Up…

Question 2

Some People are Trying to ____________ Global Inequalities by Helping Poor Countries ___________.

Answer 2

Decrease…Develop…

Question 3

Development Projects can Include Building Schools to Improve ____________ Rates, making Dams to Provide Clean Water or Providing Farming Education to Improve _____________.

Answer 3

Literacy…Agriculture…

Question 4

What are the Two Different Approaches to Development Strategies?

Answer 4

Top-Down and Bottom-Up.

Question 5

What is a Type of Strategy for a Top-Down Approach?

Answer 5

A Government or Large Organisation. An Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) or Transnational Corporation (TNC) makes Decisions about How to Increase Development and Direct the Project.

Question 6

What is a Type of Strategy for a Bottom-Up Approach?

Answer 6

Local People and Communities Decide on ways to Improve Things for their Own Community. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are Often Involved.

Question 7

Scales and Aims for a Top-Down Approach?

Answer 7

• Often Used for Large Projects (Dams).

- Aim to Solve Large Scale Problems and Improve Lives.

Question 8

Scales and Aims for a Bottom-Up Approach?

Answer 8

• Usually Small-Scale, Building or Maintaining a Well in a Village.
• They Often Aim to Improve the Quality of Life for the Poorest and Most Vulnerable People in Society.

Question 9

Funding for a Top-Down Approach?

Answer 9

• Usually Very Expensive.
• Some Projects are Funded by TNCs or Governments from Developed Countries who will Profit from the Development.
• Other Projects may be Funded by Loans from International Organisations. Money may have to be Payed back Later of the Organisation may have Conditions for Lending Money.

Question 10

Funding for a Bottom-Up Approach?

Answer 10

• Projects are Usually Much Cheaper.

- Most Money Comes from Charities, which Often Rely on Donations from People in Richer Countries.

Question 11

Technology for a Top-Down Approach?

Answer 11

• Projects are Often High-Tech and Energy Intensive. Construction Involves Machinery and Technology, Often Operated by Skilled Workers from Developed Countries rather than Local People.
• The Recipient Country becomes Dependent on Technology and Workers from the Donor Country for Operation and Maintenance.

Question 12

Technology for a Bottom-Up Approach?

Answer 12

• Projects Involve Intermediate Technology.
• Local Materials are Used and Local People are Employed meaning People have the Materials and Skills to Maintain the Project.

Question 13

Approaches to ______________ Include NGO-Led Intermediate ______________.

Answer 13

Development…Technology…

Question 14

Non-Governmental Organisations (_____s) are Not-For-Profit Groups which are _______________ from Governments, often Charities.

Answer 14

NGO…Independent…

Question 15

NGO-Led Development Projects Often Involve the Use of Intermediate ____________. This Includes Tools, Machines and Systems that are Simple to Use, _____________ to Buy or Build and Cheap to Maintain.

Answer 15

Technology…Affordable…

Question 16

Advantages of NGO-Led Intermediate Technology?

Answer 16

• Projects are Designed to Address the Needs of People Local to where the Projects are Carried Out.
• Locally Available, Cheap Materials are Used so the Community isn’t Dependant on Expensive Imports.
• Projects are Labour Intensive, Creating Jobs for Local People.

Question 17

Disadvantages of NGO-Led Intermediate Technology?

Answer 17

• Projects are Often Small-Scale, so they may not Benefit Everyone.
• Different Organisations may not Work Together, so Projects may be Inefficient.

Question 18

Approaches to _______________ Include IGO-Funded ________ Infrastructure.

Answer 18

Development…Large…

Question 19

Inter-Governmental Organisations (_____s) are Made Up of the Governments of ___________ Countries.

Answer 19

IGO…Several…

Question 20

Advantages of IGO-Funded Large Infrastructure?

Answer 20

• IGOs can Afford to Fund Large Infrastructure Projects in Developing and Emerging Countries.
• Projects can Improve the Country’s Economy, Helping with Long-Term Development, which Provide Jobs and Boost the Economy.
• Projects can also Improve People’s Quality of Life, as People have Better Access to Reliable Power and Clean Water.

Question 21

Disadvantages of IGO-Funded Large Infrastructure?

Answer 21

• Large Projects are Often Expensive and the Country may have to Pay Back the Money which can Lead to Debt.
• They may not Benefit Everyone.
• If Governments are Corrupt, they may use the Money for their Own Purposes.
• Projects Tend to be Energy Intensive.

Question 22

Approaches to _______________ Include _____________ by TNCs.

Answer 22

Development…Investment…

Question 23

TNCs are Also Involved in Development through _____________ in the Countries they ____________ in.

Answer 23

Investment…Operate…

Question 24

Advantages of Investment by TNCs?

Answer 24

• TNCs Provide Employment for Local People.
• More Companies Mean a Greater Income from Taxes for the Host Country.
• Some TNCs Run Programmes to Help Development.
• TNCs may also Invest in Infrastructure, Improving Roads, Basic Services and Communication Links in the Area, Improving Quality of Life.

Question 25

Disadvantages of Investment by TNCs?

Answer 25

• Some Profits Leave the Host Country.
• TNCs can Cause Environmental Problems.
• TNCs may Move Around the Country to take Advantage of Local Tax Breaks, Leaving People Jobless as the Company Moves On.