Reducing Global Inequalities Flashcards
Development Strategies can be Top-_____ or Bottom-____.
Down…Up…
Some People are Trying to ____________ Global Inequalities by Helping Poor Countries ___________.
Decrease…Develop…
Development Projects can Include Building Schools to Improve ____________ Rates, making Dams to Provide Clean Water or Providing Farming Education to Improve _____________.
Literacy…Agriculture…
What are the Two Different Approaches to Development Strategies?
Top-Down and Bottom-Up.
What is a Type of Strategy for a Top-Down Approach?
A Government or Large Organisation. An Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) or Transnational Corporation (TNC) makes Decisions about How to Increase Development and Direct the Project.
What is a Type of Strategy for a Bottom-Up Approach?
Local People and Communities Decide on ways to Improve Things for their Own Community. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are Often Involved.
Scales and Aims for a Top-Down Approach?
- Often Used for Large Projects (Dams).
- Aim to Solve Large Scale Problems and Improve Lives.
Scales and Aims for a Bottom-Up Approach?
- Usually Small-Scale, Building or Maintaining a Well in a Village.
- They Often Aim to Improve the Quality of Life for the Poorest and Most Vulnerable People in Society.
Funding for a Top-Down Approach?
- Usually Very Expensive.
- Some Projects are Funded by TNCs or Governments from Developed Countries who will Profit from the Development.
- Other Projects may be Funded by Loans from International Organisations. Money may have to be Payed back Later of the Organisation may have Conditions for Lending Money.
Funding for a Bottom-Up Approach?
- Projects are Usually Much Cheaper.
- Most Money Comes from Charities, which Often Rely on Donations from People in Richer Countries.
Technology for a Top-Down Approach?
- Projects are Often High-Tech and Energy Intensive. Construction Involves Machinery and Technology, Often Operated by Skilled Workers from Developed Countries rather than Local People.
- The Recipient Country becomes Dependent on Technology and Workers from the Donor Country for Operation and Maintenance.
Technology for a Bottom-Up Approach?
- Projects Involve Intermediate Technology.
- Local Materials are Used and Local People are Employed meaning People have the Materials and Skills to Maintain the Project.
Approaches to ______________ Include NGO-Led Intermediate ______________.
Development…Technology…
Non-Governmental Organisations (_____s) are Not-For-Profit Groups which are _______________ from Governments, often Charities.
NGO…Independent…
NGO-Led Development Projects Often Involve the Use of Intermediate ____________. This Includes Tools, Machines and Systems that are Simple to Use, _____________ to Buy or Build and Cheap to Maintain.
Technology…Affordable…
Advantages of NGO-Led Intermediate Technology?
- Projects are Designed to Address the Needs of People Local to where the Projects are Carried Out.
- Locally Available, Cheap Materials are Used so the Community isn’t Dependant on Expensive Imports.
- Projects are Labour Intensive, Creating Jobs for Local People.
Disadvantages of NGO-Led Intermediate Technology?
- Projects are Often Small-Scale, so they may not Benefit Everyone.
- Different Organisations may not Work Together, so Projects may be Inefficient.
Approaches to _______________ Include IGO-Funded ________ Infrastructure.
Development…Large…
Inter-Governmental Organisations (_____s) are Made Up of the Governments of ___________ Countries.
IGO…Several…
Advantages of IGO-Funded Large Infrastructure?
- IGOs can Afford to Fund Large Infrastructure Projects in Developing and Emerging Countries.
- Projects can Improve the Country’s Economy, Helping with Long-Term Development, which Provide Jobs and Boost the Economy.
- Projects can also Improve People’s Quality of Life, as People have Better Access to Reliable Power and Clean Water.
Disadvantages of IGO-Funded Large Infrastructure?
- Large Projects are Often Expensive and the Country may have to Pay Back the Money which can Lead to Debt.
- They may not Benefit Everyone.
- If Governments are Corrupt, they may use the Money for their Own Purposes.
- Projects Tend to be Energy Intensive.
Approaches to _______________ Include _____________ by TNCs.
Development…Investment…
TNCs are Also Involved in Development through _____________ in the Countries they ____________ in.
Investment…Operate…
Advantages of Investment by TNCs?
- TNCs Provide Employment for Local People.
- More Companies Mean a Greater Income from Taxes for the Host Country.
- Some TNCs Run Programmes to Help Development.
- TNCs may also Invest in Infrastructure, Improving Roads, Basic Services and Communication Links in the Area, Improving Quality of Life.
Disadvantages of Investment by TNCs?
- Some Profits Leave the Host Country.
- TNCs can Cause Environmental Problems.
- TNCs may Move Around the Country to take Advantage of Local Tax Breaks, Leaving People Jobless as the Company Moves On.
