Red Rose 🌹

Question 1

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 1

Glutamate

Question 2

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS and usually found in interneurons

Answer 2

GABA

Question 3

Receptors for Glutamate

Answer 3

AMPA and NMDA

Question 4

These receptors have high calcium permeability.

Answer 4

NMDA

Question 5

NMDA receptors are…

Answer 5

Both voltage gated and ligand gated

Question 6

Depolarization removes what from the pore of the NMDA receptor?

Answer 6

Magnesium ion

Question 7

What agonist and co-agonist must bind to NMDA receptor for activation?

Answer 7

Glutamate (agonist) and glycine or d-serine(co-agonist)

Question 8

Calcium entry in NMDA receptor plays a key role in…

Answer 8

Synaptic plasticity and excitotoxicity

Excitotoxicity= cell damage and death from excessive calcium entry under certain conditions

Question 9

How are glutamate signals terminated?

Answer 9

Reuptake of NT

Question 10

GABA signaling inactivated by…

Answer 10

Reuptake of NT

Question 11

Type of GABA receptor that is an ion channel

Answer 11

GABAa- allows chloride entry into neurons resulting in hyperpolarization

Question 12

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 12

Glycine

Question 13

Important coagonist for NMDA receptors in the forebrain

Answer 13

Glycine

Question 14

What drug has modulatory binding sites on the GABAa receptor?

Answer 14

Benzodiazepine used for treatment of anxiety

Question 15

Tyrosine is converted to what neurotransmitter?

Answer 15

Dopamine

Question 16

Tyrosine to dopamine conversation is catalyzed by what enzymes? Which is RTS?

Answer 16

Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting step)
DOPA decarboxylase

Question 17

Dopamine is converted to what neurotransmitter?

Answer 17

Norepinephrine

Question 18

What enzyme catalyzes dopamine to norepinephrine?

Answer 18

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

Question 19

Where does dopamine originate in the brain?

Answer 19

Substantia nigra- key role in movement initiation

Ventral tegmental area- part of reward pathway, important in mood regulation

Question 20

Tuberoinfundibular system controls what?

Answer 20

Controls prolactin secretion regulating lactation

Question 21

Where does norepinephrine originate/localized in the brain?

Answer 21

Locus coeruleus

Arousal, vigilance, attention

Question 22

Two step synthesis of serotonin?

Answer 22

L-tryptophan to 5-HTP by tryptophan hydroxylase (RTS) and then to 5-HT (serotonin)

Question 23

How is 5-HT inactivated?

Answer 23

Reuptake

Question 24

Where is 5-HT (serotonin) localized in the brain?

Answer 24

Median Raphe

Sarah shoes the median raphe!

Question 25

What areas of the forebrain does the median raphe innervate?

Answer 25

Hippocampus, septum, other limbic regions and functions in the regulation of mood

Question 26

Where are histamine-containing neurons found in the brain?

Answer 26

Tuberomammillary nucleus in the posterior hypothalamus

Question 27

Role of histamine?

Answer 27

Arousal and appetite regulation

Question 28

Rate limiting step for acetylcholine?

Answer 28

Choline uptake is rate limiting step

Question 29

Two types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 29

Muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 30

How is the release of ACh inactivated?

Answer 30

In synaptic cleft via acetylcholinesterase

Question 31

Nicotinic receptors are…

Answer 31

Ligand gated

Question 32

Muscarinic receptors are….

Answer 32

GPCRs

Question 33

Where is acetylcholine localized in the basal forebrain?

Answer 33

Medial septal nucleus and nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 34

Proposed function of acetylcholine in CNS?

Answer 34

Learning and memory

Question 35

Adenosine inhibits the release of what?

Answer 35

Release of excitatory NTs and has inhibitory postsynaptic effects

Question 36

What is an adenosine receptor antagonist?

Answer 36

Caffeine

Question 37

Primary action of endocannabinoids?

Answer 37

Inhibit neurotransmitter release

Retrograde neurotransmitter