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SRNA3AdvancedPatho2 > RED ONLY GI > Flashcards

RED ONLY GI Flashcards

1
Q

What do Parietal cells secrete ?

A

HCl, IF

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2
Q

What do Chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

(Gastrin)

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4
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system Stimulatory/inhibitory

A

(stimulatory)

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5
Q

Parasympathetic stimulate through which nerve

A

– Primarily through vagus CN X

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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system Stimulatory/inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

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7
Q

SNS on cells reduce what?

A

Reduced secretions & regeneration epithelial cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 CN for neural controls in mouth

A

CN VII and IX

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9
Q

Role of CN VII and IX

A

Maintain continuous flow of saliva in the mouth

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10
Q

Secreted by stomach in response to distention

A

Gastrin

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11
Q

Increases gastric secretions & motility

A

Gastrin

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12
Q

relaxes pyloric and ileocecal sphincters –

A

Gastrin

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13
Q

promotes stomach emptying

A

Gastrin

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14
Q

Gastrin (SIRP)

A

Secreted in response to distention
Increases gastric secretions and motility
Relaxes pyloric and ileocecal sphincters
Promotes stomach emptying.

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15
Q

Gastrin vs Cholecytokinin

A

Gastrin Promote gastrin emptying

Cholecystokinin : Decrease gastrin emptying

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16
Q

Secretin (tone in down)

A

Decrease gastric secretions

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17
Q

Increased secretion of hydrochloric acid

A

Histamine(H2 receptor)

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18
Q

Stimulates contraction of gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin

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19
Q

Enterochromaffin cells use _____to synthesize

A

Use tryptophan hydroxylase-1 to synthesize Serotonin (5-HT)

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20
Q

Neuroendocrine cells Stimulates those reflexes SPV

via

A

Secretory, peristaltic and vagal reflexes ;5-HT 3 receptor

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21
Q

Important in generating nausea/vomiting

A

5 HT3 receptors

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22
Q

Neuroendocrine Cells of GI Release

A

Histamine stimulates parietal cells via H2 receptors HCl production

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23
Q

Anorexia and vomiting

– Can cause serious complications (MAD)

A

Dehydration, acidosis, malnutrition

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24
Q

Can cause dehydration, acidosis, malnutrition

A

Anorexia/vomiting

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25
Q

2 roles of medulla

A

Coordinates activities involved in vomiting

Protects airway during vomiting

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26
Q

Vomiting center located in the

A

medulla

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27
Q

Vomiting Center Activation: ICP

A

Increased intracranial pressure

Sudden projectile vomiting without previous nausea

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28
Q

What is “Coffee grounds”? What does it indicate?

A

brown granular material indicates action of HCl on hemoglobin

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29
Q

Steatorrhea – “fatty diarrhea

A

Characteristic of malabsorption syndromes

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30
Q

Steatorrhea : Characteristic of malabsorption syndromes such as

A

• i.e., celiac disease or cystic fibrosis

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31
Q

Upper GIB is (DES)

A

• Esophagus, Stomach, or duodenum

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32
Q

Lower GI bleeding (JICR)

A

Below the ligament of Treitz: bleeding from the jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum

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33
Q

2 common complications of GI tract disorders

A

Dehydration and hypovolemia

34
Q

Acid-base imbalances

A

– Metabolic alkalosis

35
Q

– Metabolic acidosis how?

A

• Severe vomiting causes a change to metabolic acidosis
due to the loss of bicarbonate of duodenal secretions.
• Diarrhea causes loss of bicarbonate

36
Q

Why metabolic alkalosis

A

• Results from loss of HCl w/ vomiting

37
Q

3 types of abdominal pain

A

Visceral
• Somatic
• Referred

38
Q

Visceral pain BDCC

A

Burning sensation
Dull, aching pain
Cramping or diffuse pain
Colicky, often severe pain

39
Q

Inflammation and ulceration in upper GI tract

A

Burning Sensation

40
Q

Typical result of stretching of liver capsule

A

Dull, aching pain

41
Q

Inflammation, distention, stretching of intestines

A

Cramping or diffuse pain

42
Q

Recurrent sooth muscle spasms or contraction

A

Colicky often severe pain

43
Q

Response to severe inflammation or obstruction

A

Recurrent sooth muscle spasms or contraction

44
Q

Somatic pain receptors directly linked to____

What do they benefit from?

A

spinal nerves – May cause reflex spasm of overlying abdominal muscles

45
Q

Steady, intense, often well-localized pain

A

Somatic pain

46
Q

Over area of involvement / inflammation of peritoneum

A

“Rebound tenderness”

47
Q

Results when visceral and somatic nerves converge

at one spinal cord level.

A

Referred pain

48
Q

To relieve pyrosis

A

• Antacids

49
Q

To relieve vomiting

A

• Antiemetics

50
Q

Treatment of acute constipation

A

• Laxatives or enemas

51
Q

Reduction of peristalsis

Relieve cramps

A

• Antidiarrheals

52
Q

What is Sulfasalazine?:

A

– Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial

– For acute episodes of inflammatory bowel disease

53
Q

ABX what are they? What are they effective against

Combined with ?

A
  • Clarithromycin or azithromycin
    – Effective against Heliobacter pylori infection
    • Usually combined with a proton pump inhibitor
54
Q

Sucralfate What are they and what do they do?

A

– Coating agent
– Enhance gastric mucosal barrier against irritants
such as NSAIDs

55
Q

Anticholinergic drugs: What do they do?

A

Reduce secretions &motility

56
Q

H2 blockers useful for ?

A

Useful in gastric reflux

57
Q

PPIs

A

Reduce gastric secretion

58
Q

(Dysphasia) –

A

Inability to speak

59
Q

GERD Anesthesia concerns:

A

Aspiration

60
Q

• Possible related respiratory concerns with GERD: RAL

A

• Recurrent pneumonia
• Asthma (50% of pt.s have endoscopic evidence of
esophagitis)
• Laryngitis

61
Q

Peptic Ulcers – Gastric & Duodenal
• Complications: – Hemorrhage (DCM )
– Perforation

A
  • Due to erosion of blood vessels
  • Common complication
  • May be the first sign of a peptic ulcer
62
Q

Peptic Ulcers – Gastric & Duodenal

• Complications: CUR

A
  • Chyme can enter the peritoneal cavity.
  • Ulcer erodes completely through the wall.
  • Results in chemical peritonitis
63
Q

Peptic Ulcers – Gastric & Duodenal

• Complications: – Obstruction

A

• May result later due to the formation of scar tissue

64
Q

Treatment of Peptic ulcer: Gastric & Duodenal

A

Combination of antimicrobial & PPI to eliminate H. pylori

65
Q

Dumping syndrome Pathophysiology

A

Hyperosmolar chyme draws fluid from vascular compartment into intestine leading to
– Intestinal distention
– Increased intestinal motility

66
Q

Dumping syndrome Signs and symptoms?

A

Hypotension
Tachycardia
Diaphoresis
Pallor

67
Q

Dumping and glucose

A

Hypoglycemia 2 to 3 hours after meal:

68
Q

Why does dumping syndrome cause HYPOGLYCEMIA?

A

High glucose levels in chyme stimulate increased insulin secretion → hypoglycemia

69
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Pancreas lacks fibrous capsule.
Destruction may progress into tissue surrounding the
pancreas
– Substances released by necrotic tissue lead to
widespread inflammation
– Hypovolemia and circulatory collapse may follow

70
Q

– Hypovolemia and circulatory collapse may follow

A

Acute pancreatitis

71
Q

in Acute Pancreatitis: Chemical peritonitis results in

A

bacterial peritonitis

Septicemia may result

72
Q

Acute Pancreatitis resp and renal

A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal

failure occur in 25% of patients

73
Q

May also occur with pancreatitis

A

GI hemorrhage & DIC may also occur

74
Q

What is GASTRINOMA?
• IV ranitidine (H2 blocker) useful for preventing acid
hypersecretion intra-op.

A

Gastrin secreting tumor in Pancreas or Duodenum causing GASTRIC HYPERSECRETION

75
Q

Anesthesia consideration for Gastrinoma?

A

• Large volumes of gastric fluid usually present at

time of anesthesia induction = ↑risk of reflux / aspiration.

76
Q

Gastrinoma is associated with _________

A

Profuse watery diarrhea

77
Q

GastriNOMA associated with Profuse watery diarrhea leading to what kind of ACID BASE DISTURBANCES

A

Hypokalemia and METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

78
Q

Appendicitis – Signs and Symptoms BATH

A

“Boardlike” abdomen, tachycardia, hypotension

79
Q

Appendicitis As peritonitis develops____/. Toxins lead to

A

abdominal wall muscles spasm.

Toxins lead to reduced blood pressure.

80
Q

Intestinal Obstruction functional obstruction can lead to

A

Mesenteric thrombosis (Dehydration in HHS)

SRNA3AdvancedPatho2 (15 decks)

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