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HAEMATOLOGY > Red Cell Changes: Anaemia & Polycythemia > Flashcards

Red Cell Changes: Anaemia & Polycythemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term anaemia.

A

Anaemia refers to a condition where there is reduction in the haemoglobin concentration to below the lower limit of the reference interval for a specified age, sex and geographical location.
* < 13g/dl for adult males & <12 g/dl for adult females.

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2
Q

List down the conditions associated with microcytic anaemia.

A

TAILS
* Thalassemias
* Anaemia of chronic disease
* Iron deficiency anaemia
* Lead poisoning
* Sideroblastic anaemia

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3
Q

State the reference ranges for HB.

A
  • 13-17g/dl for males
  • 11.5- 15.5 g/dl for females
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4
Q

The MCV reference range for adults is ?

A

76 -96 fl ( 80-100)

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5
Q

Reference values for PCV?

A
  • 45+/- 5 % for males
  • 41+/- 5 % for females
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6
Q

Reference intervals for RBC levels?

A
  • 5.0 +/- 0.5 for males
  • 4.3 +/- 0.5 for females
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7
Q

Reference ranges for MCH & MCHC?

A
  • MCH 29.5 +/-2.5 pg in both males and females
  • MCHC 33.5 +/-2.5 g/dl in both males & females
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8
Q

Outline the morphological classification of Anemias.

A
  • Microcytic
    – Smaller than normal
    – MCV< 76fl
  • Normocytic
  • Normal size
    – MCV= 76 -96 fl
  • Macrocytic
    – MCV> 96fl
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9
Q

Major anaemias classified under normocytic anaemias?

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Haemolytic anaemias
  • Acute blood loss
  • Hypoplastic
  • Bone marrow infiltration
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10
Q

Outline the major disorders associated with reduced red cel production in the bone marrow.

A
  • Haematinic deficiencies - iron, folate & B12.
  • Infiltrative diseases e.g leukaemia, BM tumours.
  • Bone marrow failure causing replacement of stem cells with fatty tissue.
  • Chronic disease/ inflammation.
  • Kidney disease - reduced erythropoietin.
  • Myelodysplasia.
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11
Q

Term for variation in RBC size ?

A

Anisocytosis

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12
Q

Term for abnormalities in RBC shape ?

A

Poikilocytosis

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13
Q

Presence of Target cell poikilocytes is indicative of ?

A
  • Haemoglobinopathies
  • Iron deficiency
  • Liver disease
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14
Q

Conditions indicated by presence of Tear drop poikilocytes?

A
  • Vitamin B-12 deficiency
  • Marrow fibrosis
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15
Q

Poikilocytes that are indicative of liver disease?

A
  • Target cells
  • Acanthocytes
  • Stomatocytes
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16
Q

Conditions indicated by presence of Spherocytes?

A
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
  • Immune hemolytic anaemias
17
Q

Significance of reticulocytes?

A
  • Are juvenile RBCs and appear bluish in colour on staining.
  • Indicative of increased erythropoietic activity e.g due to haemolysis or acute blood loss.
  • Low reticulocyte count indicated lack of marrow response to anaemia .
18
Q

Significance of Howell Jolly bodies ?

A
  • Are DNA remnants seen in conditions such as :
  • Splenectomy
  • Megaloblastic anaemia
  • Haemolytic anaemia
19
Q

Significance of Basophilic stippling in RBCs?

A
  • Denote denatured DNA .
  • Seen in conditions like :
  • lead poisoning
  • thalassemias
  • abnormal heme synthesis
20
Q

Conditions in which siderotic granules are typically seen ?

A
  • Splenectomy
  • Hemolytic anaemias
  • Megaloblastic anaemias
  • Haemoglobinopathies
    – Siderotic granules/ Pappenheimer bodies usually contain iron.
21
Q

Clinical significance of Heinz Bodies?

A
  • Denote denatured haemoglobin.
  • Seen in conditions such as:
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Unstable Haemoglobin
  • Some haemoglobinopathies
22
Q

Outline some of the general symptoms seen in anaemia patients.

A
  • General fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Lethargy
  • Dyspnoea on exertion
  • Palpitations
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Tinnitus
  • Lack of concentration
  • Visual abnormalities
  • Insomnia
  • Drowsiness
  • Leg cramps
  • Puffy face & swollen legs
23
Q

Major signs seen in anaemic patients?

A
  • Pallor
  • Bounding pulse
  • Oedema ( pedal / facial )
  • Shock - hypotension, tachycardia, pallor & tachypnea
  • Diaphoresis ( excessive sweating)
24
Q

Outline the major clinical manifestations suggestive of Iron Deficiency Anaemia .

A
  • Koilonychia
  • Picca - craving & chewing substances with no nutritive value e.g ice , clay
  • Smooth pale tongue ( atrophic glossitis)
25
Q

State the major clinical features suggestive of Megaloblastic anaemia.

A
  • Beefy red tongue
  • Neurological signs in B12 deficiency
26
Q

State the major clinical features that point towards a Haemolytic anaemia diagnosis.

A
  • Jaundice
  • Skull bossing
  • Splenomegaly
27
Q

Skeletal deformity is a major indicator of ?

A

Fanconi’s anaemia

28
Q

Major clinical features of Sickle Cell Disease?

A
  • Dactylitis
  • Hip joint deformities
  • Chronic leg ulcers
29
Q

Special stains used to visualize reticulocytes?

A

Supra vital stains e.g New Methylene Blue stain.

30
Q

Type of stain used in staining blood films?

A
  • Romanowsky stains e.g
  • May Grunwald Giemsa stain
  • Leishman stain
  • Giemsa stain
31
Q

Needle type user in bone marrow aspiration & biopsy ?

A

Jamshidi needle

HAEMATOLOGY (8 decks)

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