Red Cards

Question 0

House of Representatives

Answer 0

This branch of government is comprised of members that reflect the population of individual states

Question 1

John Adams

Answer 1

This man was the first Vice President and was later defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800

Question 2

Senate

Answer 2

According to Roger Sherman, in this branch of government “each state should have one vote and no more”

Question 3

Electoral College

Answer 3

This representative body, not direct popular vote, elects the president

Question 4

Federalists

Answer 4

This was the name given to those in favor of the constitution and a strong central government. They were usually northern merchants who had close ties with British trade networks

Question 5

Anti-Federalists

Answer 5

This was the name given to those in opposition to the constitution and in favor of strong states’ rights. They usually hailed from southern farms or western homesteads

Question 6

Bank of the United States

Answer 6

This institution, supported by Alexander Hamilton, was where the national treasury would keep its deposits. It would keep the funds safe and available as loanable funds. This institution was vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson

Question 7

Democratic-Republicans

Answer 7

This was the new name for anti-Federalists, such as Thomas Jefferson. This group sought to limit the powers of the central government in favor of greater states’ rights, while the Federalists believed in a strong national government whose powers were supreme over the states.

Question 8

The French Revolution

Answer 8

This war, which took place between 1789 and 1793, challenged America’s sovereignty, since George Washington had to decide where her loyalties would lie. Giving the revolutionaries as they had done for the patriots during the American Revolution would strain the already delicate relationship with Britain. Initially, Americans were pleased about the overthrow of the King and Queen of France, as it seemed an extension of the ideals of the American Revolution. It became clear, however, that this was a very different kind of war that was bloody and ruthless.

Question 9

Farewell Address

Answer 9

This speech was made by George Washington upon leaving the office I the president in 1797. In it, he warned the infant nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of “factions” or political parties.

Question 10

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 10

This event took place as a result of the tax which was imposed on the whiskey backwoods farmers distilled to supplement their incomes. Some of these farmers violently protested the tax by tarring and feathering tax collectors or destroying public buildings. President Washington immediately sent a militia to quell this protest

Question 11

XYZ affair

Answer 11

This event occurred when John Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 in order to negotiate an agreement whereby French vessels would stop seizing American vessels. As the delegation arrive in France, they were approached by three French agents who demanded a large sum of money as a loan and an additional bribe from the American delegation just for the opportunity to speak with French officials. The delegation refused to. comply, and word of the incident quickly spread across the Atlantic. Federalists called for immediate military action. An undeclared naval war, or “quasi war” ensued.

Question 12

The Convention of 1800

Answer 12

This meeting took place between American envoy’s and French foreign minister Talleyrand and Napoleon. The goal of the meeting was to negotiate a settlement to prevent full-scale war between the United States and France. The meeting ended with termination of the Franco-American Alliance, an agreement whereby the United States would pay for damages inflicted on French vessels, and the avoidance if an all-out war with France.

Question 13

Virginia Plan

Answer 13

This plan, presented May 29, 1787, by Edmund Randolph and delegates from larger states, called for representation in both houses to be based solely on population or proportional representation

Question 14

New Jersey plan

Answer 14

This plan asked for equal representation, regardless of the number of citizens of a state, to a unicameral legislative body.

Question 15

Great Compromise

Answer 15

This proposal by Roger Sherman stated: “The proportion of suffrage in the first branch should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants and that in the second branch or senate, each state should have one vote and no more”. Also known as the Connecticut Compromise, this meant large states were appeased by the House of Representatives, comprised of members that reflected the population of individual states. Small states would be appeased by the senate, comprised of membership that was equal regardless of state population

Question 16

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 16

This arrangement state with a conflict regarding geographic proportions. Southern delegates lived in large states with equally large populations of slaves who were not considered citizens. Southerners argued that although slaves could not vote, they still had to be managed by the state and should count as part of the population. Northerners, some of whom disliked the practice of slavery, agreed to this compromise in exchange for the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The result- southern slaves would be counted as a fraction of a citizen.

Question 17

Bill of rights

Answer 17

This document, which was designed to protect individual freedoms and state sovereignty, was added to the constitution to appease anti-federalist states that were in opposition to the constitution and in favor for strong states rights.

Question 18

The Federalists Papers

Answer 18

These documents, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, were meant to encourage ratification of the Constitution in New York. This series of 85 powerful essays urged ratifying conventions to aside emotions when they considered the Constitution. They also refuted common doubts about the possibilities of having a central government effectively rule such vast territory.

Question 19

The Judiciary Act of 1789

Answer 19

This act established a Supreme Court consisting of one presiding Chief Justice and five associate justices. It also provided for the establishment of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal.

Question 20

Report on Public Credit

Answer 20

This document, written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, as out to repair the nation’s failing financial health. Written in 1790, it explained how monetary and fiscal policy should favor the rich so that their good fortune would be spent within the economy and thus stimulate domestic growth.

Question 21

Report on Public Manufactures

Answer 21

This document, written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791, promoted the industrialization of the United States and advocated strong protective tariffs to protect infant industry.

Question 22

Revenue Act of 1789

Answer 22

The act placed 8 percent tariff on imports, a rate much lower than Alexander Hamilton had desired.

Question 23

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Answer 23

This proclamation came about because of Alexander Hamilton’s desire to maintain trade relationships with the British. Although Thomas Jefferson was a sympathizer to the French and wanted to uphold the provisions of the Franco-American Alliance, President George Washington made this proclamation. As a result, the French and British set out to seize American ships crossing the Atlantic, taking cargo and impressing sailors into military service. These seizures violated the proclamation, forcing Washington to send Chief Justice John Jay in 1784 to negotiate.

Question 24

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 24

Following the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793, this treaty did not settle the issue of British seizure or impressment of American sailors, but did call for the removal of British forts in the West. The treaty further angered Democratic-Republicans and the French, who increased their harassment if American ships. Spain soon became concerned by a possible cozy relationship between Britain and the United States and sought to clear up any misunderstandings regarding the boundary between Spanish Florida and the new nation

Question 25

Alien Acts

Answer 25

These laws increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, and gave the president power to detain and/or deport enemy aliens in times of war.

Question 26

Sedition Act

Answer 26

This law made it illegal to criticize the president or Congress, and imposed a heavy fine or a threat of imprisonment upon violators, such as editors of newspapers.

Question 27

Central government

Answer 27

This government’s power exceeds the power of the states. This idea was strongly supported by James Madison.

Question 28

Separation of powers

Answer 28

This is the central idea behind having three independent branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches. Although independent, they would each hold each other accountable for their actions. This idea was supported by James Madison.

Question 29

Factions

Answer 29

This is another term used to describe political parties. It was the fear of leaders such as George Washington that these parties would prevents strong, unified government.

Question 30

Strict constructionist

Answer 30

This term describes one who believes in the strict interpretation of a document. This term described Thomas Jefferson in relation to the constitution.

Question 31

Elastic cause

Answer 31

This clause in the contrition granted congress “implied powers” to pass laws that were “necessary and proper” to run the country effectively. Alexander Hamilton used this clause to argue in support of the creation of the bank of the United States.

Question 32

Compact theory

Answer 32

This belief based on the idea that the federal government was formed because of a compact between states

Question 33

Lewis and Clark

Answer 33

These explorers were appointed by President Jefferson to explore the vast new United States territory, beginning in 1804. The group traveled a trail that began in St. Louis, Missouri, and too them to the Pacific Ocean on the coast of Oregon. They returned to St. Louis in 1806. By keeping meticulous field notes and drawings of the flora and fauna, as well as detailed accounts of encounters with native tribes, these explorers expanded America’s knowledge of the new territory and warned of the hardships settlers would face moving west.

Question 34

John Marshall

Answer 34

This man was not only Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, but he was also Thomas Jefferson’s cousin and a staunch federalist. During his career, he had ruled a law passed by congress to be unconstitutional, thereby establishing the precedence of judicial review. In this and subsequent decisions by his court, the power of the Supreme Court increased- it could check the authority of both the legislative and executive branches.