Recreation & Tourism Test 1

Question 1

What do you think of in terms of leisure, recreation and tourism?

Answer 1

Leisure - something enjoyable, activities, not for work and not for pay.
Recreation - also an activity, but often for some sort of benefit.
Tourism - travelling (doesnt have to be far), experiencing different cultures/places, likely costly, expectation of a benefit.

Question 2

What is an example of the interrelation between leisure/recreation/tourism?

Answer 2

A person could go on a trip for business, but have free “leisure” time and go to see a movie, or go see the statue of liberty (tourism).
All three involve the people who take part in them, the work that is done in order to participate (ex. a tour guide), the money involved and the resources used.
Can be considered as related to geography.

Question 3

What is recreation and tourism geography?

Answer 3

The study of recreation and tourism within the concepts, frames, orientations and venues of the discipline of geography and accompanying fields of geographical knowledge (involving place, space, time, people, and behaviour).

Spatial and temporal aspects - where, when, & how..

Involves human behaviours (ex. social and cultural), human impacts/impacts on humans (impact on the culture due to people being there, impacts on the economy), impacts on the environment (effect on natural environment).

Question 4

What is over-tourism?

Answer 4

Over-tourism is the increase in tourist numbers at such high volumes that it negatively impacts local residents, visitors, and the surrounding environment of a particular destination. This has a large impact on people and on places, for example Mt Everest has lots of garbage left behind..

• Over tourism: the perceived congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists; can lead to negative social and/or environmental effects
• Ex. Places like Machu Pichu and La Sagrada Familia have timed entry - people have to buy tickets to go there in order to reduce the excess crowding
• Ex. Whale-watching Victoria BC - has impacts for the people viewing the whale (can’t see or get a picture without a boat being in the way), whales use their ears mostly to guiding themselves and hunting - too many boats making loud noises around them, etc.
• Ex. Trevi Fountain - can’t get a picture without people as they are everywhere.. Report of people illegally getting into the fountain
• Ex. National Parks - can be so heavily visited; Arches National Park introducing time entry due to overcrowding; Places like yellow knife nation park - camping is directly side by side others, packed

Question 5

What contribution does tourism have on the global economy?

Answer 5

Tourism is a world-wide industry, and one of the biggest industries in the world. It has both direct and indirect contributions on the economy.
Direct contributions: airline tickets, hotel fees, cruise ship fees, etc. (2018 - direct contribution of nearly 3 trillion dollars).
Indirection contributions: taking taxis, shopping in the grocery stores, etc. (2018 - direct contribution of nearly 9 trillion dollars).

Question 6

How does tourism contribute to regional global economies?

Answer 6

Many people create their livelihood working within the tourism industry. In 2019, the total contribution of travel & tourism to the GDP:
8.8% in North America; 14.1% in Caribbean; 9.5% in Europe; 9.9% in Asia Pacific; etc.

Question 7

How did COVID affect tourism?

Answer 7

in 2020 tourism was basically cancelled, one of the most hard-hit industries in the world, no one could go anywhere for nearly 2 years. Some countries, tourism is the main industry, but that just disappeared immediately, in 1-2 months it was just gone.

There was a huge loss to the global economy in 2020. This included a decrease in jobs available. The Caribbean was one of the hardest hit areas for loss of income. In north america there was a loss of 7.2 million jobs.

Question 8

What was the impact of COVID on air travel in 2020?

Answer 8

Small airlines went out of business, large airlines lost a bunch of money - they still had to be maintained by some employees but many of the employees were fired.

In terms of international tourist arrivals:
* 2019 was rising everywhere, on avg 3-4% per year across the world
* 2020, -73% loss across the world
* 2021, -72% loss across the world

Question 9

How did COVID affect the loss of tourism in manitoba?

Answer 9

• Spending losses for Manitoba tourism sector
• There are people in MB working in “tourism” ex. The forks in Winnipeg
• This was all lost

2020- baseline projected 25% reduction in tourism spending and 6000 loss of jobs; worst case projected 60% reduction is tourism spending and 10,000 loss of jobs

Question 10

what was the recovery of air travel, post COVID?

Answer 10

• Gradual increase, however we are not back to the pre-COVID numbers
• Peoples livelihoods and airlines have been impacted for 4 years

Question 11

What was the contribution of tourism to the global economy in 2022 (post covid)?

Answer 11

• Spending has increased in 2022, however it is not back to the numbers of pre-COVID
• 2019: 5.3Trillion, compared to 2022: 4.07Trillion
• Economic downturn, globally, since COVID
• Prices of airlines have gone up as they are trying to recover,
• But in other areas, people are worried about buying groceries and paying bills rather than being able to afford trips

Question 12

When is international tourism expected to return to pre-COVID 2019 levels?

Answer 12

• People aren’t expecting it to return until 2024, maybe the upcoming summer
• Nearly 4 years of loss in tourism industry

Question 13

How did COVID impact recreational activities in 2020?

Answer 13

Youth
- rec activity decreased during COVID (12-17)
- avg daily minutes decreased; no gym class, no sports practices, etc.

Adult
- rec activity was about the same (18-64)

Older adults
- rec activity increased (65+)
- more people were doing outdoor recreation like walking, hiking, biking, etc.
- For older people - recreation increased, in particular outdoor rec like gol

Question 14

What is LEISURE?

Answer 14

• Leisure is conceptualized as ‘discretionary time’; meaning you can decide what to do - whether watching tv or going for a walk.
• Free time at ones own disposal.
• A period of time, activity, state of mind; choice of what to do (perhaps cooking for your family); takes meaning only within individual perceptions & beliefs (idea of cooking dinner as leisure or not is based on the individuals perception)
• time over which an individual exercises choice and undertakes activity in a free (not money), voluntary way
• All free time from work and other (subsistence, existence, socially obligated time, and individually obligated time). (based on perception: may not feel that church is leisure because you feel it is a social/individual obligation).

Question 15

Is leisure a right?

Answer 15

• according to the United Nations Charter of Human Rights Article 24: Every citizen has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours, and periodic holidays with pay
• However not every receives it, ex. A person with 3 jobs
• Britain and France adopted 40-hour work week in 1919; Prior to this, people worked as much as they were told to
• World Labour Organization adopted 40-hour work week in 1966
• Idea of people having the access to leisure is a recent idea - use to not be a thing unless you were very rich and could live off your money, for the most part people worked.

Question 16

Do people always have access to leisure?

Answer 16

• No, things that keep people from having leisure time include: slavery, poverty, disabilities
• Class examples: not having any time (perhaps you care for a family member), or perhaps living in a country where there is WAR, lack of access

Question 17

What is TOURISM?

Answer 17

• “The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs.”
• “The sum of the phenomena and the relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, tourism suppliers, governments and host destinations in the process of attracting and hosting tourists and other visitors”
• “An attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey” (Franklin 2003).
• Economic aspect, philosophical aspect, travel aspect, subjective aspect

World Tourism Organization:
- “Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”
- Leisure travel is only one part of tourism. Other types include e.g., visiting friends and relatives, business trips, religious pilgrimages, visits for health treatment, etc.
- Exclusions to the WTO definition include: traveling to work or school, soldiers, nomads, refugees, and diplomats. (this is when you are not considered a tourist)
- Operational definitions are important and more specific..
- We want to know who is counted as a tourist to track the economic activity tourism generates. (*Important to know how much money is being made from tourism in order to determine how much money to continue to invest into tourism.)

Question 18

What is RECREATION (& 6 perspectives)?

Answer 18

• “activity that refreshes and recreates; activity that renews your health and spirits by enjoyment and relaxation; an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates”
• ‘any or revitalization through the voluntary pursuit of leisure time ’
• “generic term for leisure time activities”
• “…leisure activities which are undertaken by the residents of an immediate region ”

Six Perspectives on Recreation:
1. Revolves around activity 2. Participation is voluntary (free choice)
3. Occurs during leisure time (non-obligated time)
4. Has no single form
5. Can be serious and purposeful
6. Motivated by the derived from the experience (self rewarding)

Outdoor/Natural Resource Recreation:
- Any voluntary activity… which is conducted primarily for the purposes of pleasure, rest, or relaxation and is dependent upon or derives its principal benefit from natural surroundings

Question 19

What is the historic division between recreation and tourism?

Answer 19

Recreation:
- Focused mainly on the public-sector (primarily federal and provincial/state land management agencies and municipal recreation departments)
- Major themes: participation determinants, carrying capacity, non-market valuation of recreation experience, crowding and conflict, environmental impacts and wilderness management

Tourism:
- Focused mainly on the private sector (travel & hospitality industries)
- Ex. WestJet, carnival cruises, Disney land, hotel chains (are all private companies who profit - not public taxes paying for these things )
- Major themes: economic impacts of travel expenditures, international and domestic travel patterns, advertising and marketing, cultural impacts
- More difficult to research/understand domestic travel patterns (whereas international travel is recorded and documented)

Convergence:
- “Little success has been afforded to those attempting to differentiate between recreation and tourism…”
- “There is increasing convergence between the two concepts in terms of theory, activities, and impacts … thereby making the division between recreation and tourism even more arbitrary ”
- Division - even more of an overlap between recreation and tourism
- The Recreation-Tourism phenomena, therefore, defies traditional academic disciplines and is a multidisciplinary field of stud

Question 20

What are commonly the reasons for travelling? (pie graph out of 100%)

Answer 20

leisure/rec/holiday (56%)

health, religion, other (medical tourism, religious tourism) (27%)

business and professional (13%) - lower due to online

not specified (4%)

Question 21

how does geography contribute to tourism?

Answer 21

“There is scarcely an aspect of tourism which does not have some geographical implications and there are few branches of geography which do not have some contribution to make to the study of the phenomena of recreation and tourism
- E.g., Tourism involves people from point A traveling to point B and then returning to point A (across the earth’s surface)
- Recreation and tourism take place somewhere…

• “The study of tourism is the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the establishments which respond to the requirements of travelers, and of the impacts that they have on the economic, physical and social well-being of their hosts” (Mathieson and Wall 1982).
• “the study of people” → behavioural, human dimensions of research (peoples satisfaction and expectations of how they experience tourism)
• “impacts” → social, economic, environmental
• “[Tourism] is a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments”

Question 22

Is there a focus on resource management (sustainability) within the tourism industry?

Answer 22

• “While the importance of ecological sustainability and resource management is recognized in the tourism literature, it appears to remain poorly integrated or, at least, it appears to fit uncomfortably within tourism thought that is driven by disciplines associated with sociology and business.”
• “A tourism paradigm that is solely focused on travel, business and the tourist may address the issue of economic sustainability, but will not develop the knowledge necessary to underpin environmental sustainability.”
• Tourism plays a part in climate change - ex. Airline emission

Question 23

How can sustainability be promoted within the tourism industry?

Answer 23

• Promoting greener and fairer holidays online
• Training customers facing colleagues on sustainability
• Flying more fuel-efficient aircraft (problem - the only reason that aircraft producers want to do this is for fuel efficiency, not environmental sustainability)
• Greening our coach fleet
• Sustainability awareness raising in destinations
• Engaging customers in sustainable tourism
• Driving best practice sustainability performance with suppliers
• Thinking of tourism as a system rather than an industry - makes it easier to engage ideas about environmental sustainability

1. protecting biodiversity
2. investing in training
3. reducing waste
4. reducing carbon
5. animal welfare
6. protecting children
7. saving water
8. supporting communities

Question 24

what is the tourism industry (economic machine)?

Answer 24

What is meant by the “tourism industry?”
- Facilitation of movement, accommodation, subsidence, and pleasure
- Employment: 319 million jobs (2018) (1 in 10 jobs in the world is related to tourism)
- Economic benefit: 10.4% of the world’s GDP (GDP growth in 2018 was 4% - one of the highest % of growth compared to other sectors)
- Urban Regeneration
- Income redistribution to rural areas (often somewhat impoverished)

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) forecasts increasing tourism growth
- e.g., 1.4 billion international tourists in 2018 (3.9% increase from 2017)
- Also 5-6 billion domestic tourists (tourism within ones own country)

Question 24

What is involved in the research of tourism geography?

Answer 24

• tourism research
• natural sciences
• social sciences/humanities (ex. economics)
• sustainability research as a multi- inter- respectively transdisciplinary research pense

Question 25

What is the “tourism system”?

Answer 25

inputs: human resources, natural resources, gov’t policies, consumer expenditure, inward investment (investment from within the industry), etc

tourism retailing subsystem: corporate travel agents and tour operations, independent agents and operaters

destination subsystem: natural and cultural attractions, transnational hotel cooperations, infrastructure (ex. roads and airports), locally owned facilities

transport subsystem: global airlines, locally owned bus and car companies

outputs: cultural change, environmental change, environmental protection & pollution, economic benefits & costs, tourist satisfaction

influences on society: political, economic, demographic, changing consumer tastes, media information technology, demographic

Question 26

Why is it difficult to define tourism?

Answer 26

Defining the tourism industry is difficult, because it is hard to define a “product”
- Ex. manufacturing has products - like a cell phone or a car
- but In tourism - the product is the people, or is it the experience; Focuses on the people having an experience of some sort
- services are used by both local residents and tourists making it harder to define

tourism is largely consumed in the place of production
- Tourism as a product is consumed in the place of production, compared to manufactured products like cell phones and cars are not used at the place of production
- Ex. Disney land - consumed where it is produced - can’t be transferred somewhere else
- Therefore tourism has a place

Sometimes difficult to differentiate tourism’s contribution to environmental damage from other sources
- Hard to determine if the waste/damage is produced by the tourist or the people who live there
- Tourism woven into what is happening in a particular place - both residential and tourist things happening simultaneously

Question 27

What are the framing questions to consider in the demand for tourism?

Answer 27

• Why do tourists seek to travel in the first place
• Where do they go? (important places for tourism around the world)
• How often do they go certain places? (ex. Disney land a lot, but Brandon not a lot)
• When do they go? (ex. People from colder climates go during cold months, is it only a certain time of the year?)
• How do the get there? (airplane, driving, bus, train, by boat, etc.)
• What do they do and where do they do it? (ex. When going to Orlando, what do they do there - Disney land, beaches, etc. and where is this located?) (ex. restaurants, hotels, using taxis, buying gas, buying groceries, etc.)

Question 28

What are the rates of tourism spending (tourism receipts) in countries around the world? (2018)

Answer 28

• USA was where most money was spent
• 214 bill USD in USA (2018)
• 74 bill USD in Spain
• 67 bill USD in France
• 63 bill USD in Thailand
• 52 bill USD in UK
• 49 bill USD in Italy
• 40 bill USD in China

Question 29

What region travels the most? (2018)

Answer 29

• Almost 1/2 the tourists in the world are in Europe (48%); This includes Europeans crossing borders to other euro countries
• Asia and the Pacific (26%)
• America (17%)
• Middle East (3%)
• Africa (3%)
• Not specified (3%)

Question 30

Which citizens are the highest spenders in tourism? (2018)

Answer 30

• Chinese tourists spend the most when travelling; 277 USD bill (2018)
• United States spends the second most; 144 USD bill
• Germany spends the third most while travelling; 94 USD bill

Lower end:
- Korea 32 USD bill
- Italy 30 USD bill

Question 31

How did countries contribute to the global travel and tourism economy in 2018?

Answer 31

China - 25%
USA - 12%
India - 6%
Turkey - 4%
France - 4%
Japan - 4%
Rest of the world - 45%

Question 32

Where is tourism growing?

Answer 32

• all countries rising in tourism (prior to COVID, and again post-covid)
• Particularly places that had less tourism - Africa, Middle East - have the greatest tourism forecast for the future
• Forecast for tourism is only increasing

Question 33

What is the relationship between origin and destination, in tourism?

Answer 33

Origin -> intervening obstacles -> destination
- Tourism starts somewhere (origin; ex. Start in Brandon)
- Intervening obstacles - getting passports, navigating the airport
- Then there’s a destination (ex. Going to Florida-

Question 34

What are push and pull factors in tourism?

Answer 34

There are push factors and there are pull factors

Push - factors which motivate (push) people to seek travel and recreational experiences (this is the DEMAND)

Pull - factors which attract people/recreationalists/tourists to travel to a particular destination (ex. Disney land; down hill skiing); what aspects, resources, types of infrastructure attract you to a place (this is the SUPPLY)

Question 35

Why are we interested in knowing why people travel or participate in recreational activities?

Answer 35

Recreational perspective:
- How do we justify the expenditure of public money to maintain outdoor recreation locations, infrastructure and experiences?
- If there is a demand for it; if its going to be used, it makes sense to maintain it; whereas if no one is using it, it doesn’t make economic sense
- Ex. Maintaining an ice rink makes sense if theres a demand for skating and not enough rinks - also helps keep the healthcare cost lower through recreational practice
- **Use of the facilities

Tourism Perspective:
- money to fund the tourism industry comes from the tourists
- tourism businesses interested in the motivations, expectations, and activities of tourists to maximize their profits and to justify building tourism destinations if the tourists will pay for it

Question 36

What is the behavioural model? (DEMAND FOR RECREATION)

Answer 36

Behavioural Model - used to research how people decide to undertake an experience, what happens during the experience, and the response of what happens after (based on the experience)

Antecedent Conditions (push/pull factors) - Motives or needs; why might people undertake recreation - health/wellness, hobbies, to do something with your family (social aspect); why might people undertake travelling - to learn about culture, to escape home, to relax, to eat different food, the social aspect (family trip/friend trip)
- Push Factors - Intrinsic desire to engage in recreational activities; e.g. get away from work, change of scene, spend time with friends/family, exercise, spiritual fulfillment -> expectation of benefit
- Pull factors - Aspects of a destination or activity that draw people to a certain location (Pull factors)

Experiences
- Conditions of activity
- Environmental conditions (ex. Modern to primitive)
- Social Conditions (ex. Isolated to crowded)
- Managerial Conditions (ex. A few regulations to many regulations)

Response
- Assessment of travel:
- Immediate Satisfactions - (ex. loved the beach, hated the hike, etc.)
- Long-term Benefits (increased self-esteem, sense of fulfillment, improved societal health, solidarity); Personal - self esteem, physical exercise ; Societal - improved societal health, solidarity; Economic - lower health care cost

Question 37

What are the type of demand for recreation?

Answer 37

Effective demand:
- participation (ex. Going to the YMCA, riding bikes, going swimming, splash parks, etc.)
- Might want to measure how many people are using what

Latent demand:
- unrealized demand due to restrictions on participation
- Ex: Cost, global pandemic, weight/height (physical limitations or disabilities), lack of time, weather
- Hard to measure unrealized demand
- Ex. Maybe people want a resource in town - but we don’t have it

Future demand:
- with new resources in the future

Induced demand:
- when latent demand is converted into effective demand
- Ex. Financial barrier being removed
- On Canada’s 150 year anniversary, the national parks were free, people who maybe couldn’t afford it before can know

Diverted demand:
- when demand is displaced with the creation of new facilities
- Ex. People used the old pool in the sports plex, but when the new pool was built in the YMCA - some people switched to using the new one and stopped using the old one

Substitute demand:
- when participants relocate to a different opportunity
- When they are already existing opportunities and people switch from one to another

Question 38

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs? (Recreation decision making)

Answer 38

Pryamid of needs from most important at the bottom to least important at the top.

first (bottom) - psyiological needs (hunger, rest, thirst, shelter)

second - safety (security)

third - belonging and love

forth - esteem

fifth (top) - self actualization and personal self-fulfilment

above all of these (when these needs are met) is the potential for recreation needs

Question 39

What are possible recreation needs?

Answer 39

• New experiences
• Relaxation
• Recognition (by others)
• Security
• Dominance (of environment)
• Social Interaction
• Mental activity
• Physical activity/fitness

Question 40

What are the recreation demand stages?

Answer 40

Youth (school years); Many needs filled within the family (may just want to play with legos or playdough)

Youth adulthood; May want to go out to the bar

Middle age (established working years); May need rec as an “escape” from work, life, routines, etc.

Retired (between work and end of life); Might start to have restrictions on ability for rec

Question 41

what are the 3 influences on leisure participation?

Answer 41

PERSONAL
- age
stage in life cycle
- gender
-martial status
-dependents and ages
- will and purpose in life
- personal obligations
- resourcefulness
-leisure perceptions
- attitude and motivation
- interest and preoccupations
- skill and ability (physical, social and intellectual)
- personality and confidence
- culture born into
- upbringing and background

SOCIAL AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL
- occupation
- income
- disposable income
- material wealth and goods
- car ownership and mobility
- time available
- duties and obligations
- home and social environment
- friends and peer groups
- social roles and contacts
- environmental factors
- mass leisure factors
- cultural factors
- political factors

OPPORTUNITY FACTORS
- resources available
- facilities - type and quality
- awareness
- perception of opportunities
- recreation services
- distribution of facilities
- access and location
- choice of activities
- transport
- costs: before, during, after
- management: policy and support
- marketing
- programming
- organization and leadership
- social accessibility
- political policies

Question 42

How does one measure the demand for recreation?

Answer 42

an example would be how do we determine if the ski season in austria should be extended

Observed Effective Demand:
- past and current levels of participation in a specific recreation activity or use of a particular facility (park, pool, etc.)

Payment records (ski lift tickets, park entrance fees, etc.)

Camera counts (trails)

Traffic counters (vehicle numbers on roads, parking lots)

Site surveys (activities, mode of transport, origin, duration and frequency of visits, socio-economic characteristics)

Time budget surveys (systematic record of use of leisure time - activities, duration, location - a form of daily diary)
- Ex. Keeping a diary/record of use of leisure time like at the YMCA

Consumer spending on sporting goods (e.g., recreational vehicles, equipment, paid lessons, athletic clothing)

Question 43

What is observed effective demand for recreation?

Answer 43

Observed Effective Demand:
- past and current levels of participation in a specific recreation activity or use of a particular facility (park, pool, etc.)
- ex. from stats canada: walking - 6166 people in 1976 vs 11,910 people in 1984
- from 1992 to 2010 there has been a drop in SPORTS participation counts, because of the aging population (baby boom), and elderly people are less likely to undertake sports participation
- from 1992 to 2010 there has been an increase in RECREATION itself (not sports participation); Walking, jogging, hiking, - things without registration and organization - increasing; Less people getting involve in organized sports - more people going unorganized activity like walking (may call for a need for more walking paths?)

Question 44

how has physical activity for children changed?

Answer 44

• 2008-2013 children activity has been declining in organized sports (reason may be parents working more / less time to take kids to sports, or if the parents themselves did sports may effect their kids participation

Question 45

how can we increase the demand for physical activity in children?

Answer 45

Responsibility of schools:
- More recreation time
- Change the meal menus/ what is in the vending machine
- Mandatory gym time (public schools - university ?)
- More after - school activities
- Schools can do these things to keep kids active

Government spending:
- Subsidize sports participation (tax break when your kid is in sport)
- Build more supply (ex. Arenas, skateboarding parks) - more places where kids are likely to go out and partake in recreation

Public education
- More fitness campaigns
- Problems with being sedentary, and pros of being healthy
- Responsibilities of parents
- the single most significant determinant of participation in outdoor recreation (and most likely other recreation activities) is whether or not one participated as a child

Question 46

what are economic reasons for investing in recreation?

Answer 46

• labour income, jobs created by canadian parks (2.9 billion in 2009)
• amount spent on recreation by the avg household in canada was $3773 (2012)
• total amount spent on recreational fishing contributed to local economics 8.3 bill in 2010
• amount spent by cyclists using quebec’s route verte $134 million in 2013
• amount canadians spent on nature based recreational activities $14.5 billion in 2012
• total health care costs of physical activity in canada $6.8 billion

Question 47

What is latent demand?

Answer 47

In the real world, recreation demand rarely equals participation….The difference between aggregate demand and actual participation [effective demand] is referred to as latent demand

total demand - effective demand = latent demand

Question 48

what do Canadians say about parks and recreation?

Answer 48

Canadians agree recreation is important, improves health, benefits the community, reduces kids partaking in crime

• 98% say it is an essential service
• 75% say it helps youth and children lead healthy lifestyles
• 77% say it is a major factor in crime reduction
• 93% say it improves health
• 89% say it boosts social cohesion

Question 49

What are barriers to recreation? (Latent demand)

Answer 49

• Seasonality (climate)
• Gender (ex. Lots of women don’t feel comfortable in gyms or certain sports)
• Social / Cultural (ex. Hiking and camping are not a thing in a lot of other parts of the world)
• Financial (barriers to buying sports equipment or paying for a service)
• Mobility/ access (ex. Hard to get to Brandon hills for a hike, or other towns for sport competitions) .. distance.
• Fashions (trends in certain sports making it more popular at certain times)

Canada Fitness Survey (1981)
1.Lack of time = 39%
2.Lack of facilities = 28%
3.Lack of self-discipline = 20%
4.Cost = 13%
5.Lack of equipment = 9%
6.Weather = 8%
7.Injury = 6%
8.No partner = 4%
Urban Leicester, UK (1997)
1.Fear / safety
2.Weather
3.Lack of time due to work
4.Family constraints
5.Lack of transportation
6.Lack of interest
7.Don’t know where facilities are
8.Housework
9.Distance to parks/too far away
10.Physically unable to access parks

Question 50

What is seasonality and what are the 2 types? How does seasonality effect canadian tourism?

Answer 50

Seasonality: ‘a temporal imbalance in the phenomenon of recreation-tourism, which may be expressed in term of dimensions of such elements as numbers of visitors, expenditures, employment and admissions to attractions’

Natural seasonality:
- The result of regular temporal variations associated with climate and the seasons of the year
- Increases with latitude but also in regions with extreme high temperature and rainy seasons

Institutional seasonality:
- The result of human decisions based on religious, cultural, ethic or social factors
- e.g. periods of religious worship/holidays, school or industrial holiday

Seasonality of tourism expenditures in Canada:
- there is a dip during winter time - but overall the tourism is increasing; locations in canada where tourism occurs have the same pattern - tend to be visited during june - august (starts to increase in may and drops in sept)

Question 52

What are the spatial implications / patterns of tourism?

Answer 52

Macro-scale —> destinations (Montreal to Mumbai, New York to London, macro scale is large scale travel)

Micro-scale —> at the destination (what do you at the destination, going to museums, restaurants, taking taxis around, etc.)

Where tourism impacts occur (type & scale)

Question 53

What are the Demand Determinants for tourism?

Answer 53

ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS
- disposable income
- GNP per capita income
- private consumption
- costs of living
- tourism prices
- transportation cost
- cost of living in relation to destinations
- exchange rate differentials
- relative prices among competing destinations
- promotional expenditures
- marketing effectiveness
- physical distance

SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
- demographic factors
- motivations
- travel preferences
- benefits sought
- images of destination
perceptions of destinations
- awareness of opportunities
- cognitive distance
- attitudes about destinations
- amount of leisure time
- amount of travel time
- paid vacations
- past experiences
- life spand
- physical capacity, health and wellness
- cultural similarities
- affiliations

EXOGENOUS DETERMINANTS (BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT)
- availability of supply resources
- economic growth and stability
- political and social environment
- recission
- technological advancements
- accessibility
- levels of development infrastructure and superstructure
- natural disaster
- war, terrorism
- social and cultural attractions
- degree of urbanization
- special factors/ olympic games, mega-events
- barriers and obstacles
- restrictions, rules and laws

Question 54

What are the types of demand for tourism?

Answer 54

Effective or actual demand: the number of people participation gin tourism

Suppressed or potential demand: people who are unable to travel ($$$ or work as a cause)

No demand: portion of the population who have no desire to travel ; People who do not engage in supporting any tourism industry

Question 55

What are the motivators for tourism (basic , possible, and difficulties in determining)?

Answer 55

Basic Tourism Motivators:
- Physical - may go for a hike or walk on the beach
- Cultural - want to learn about culture, eat food
- Interpersonal - spending time with family, meeting people/other tourists/locals
- Status and Prestige - to add to the places they’ve travelled and to show other people their pictures (makes them feel good/worldly)

Possible Tourism Motivators:
- Escape mundane environment (escape daily routines like work, cleaning, cooking, etc.) - both physical and mental
- Recreation and recuperation - both physical and mental
- Play (social interactions with others, going fishing, building sandcastles, etc.) - interpersonal
- Family bonding - interpersonal
- Prestige (social) - (being able to join in on conversations about places you have been) – status and prestige
- Social interaction - interpersonal and cultural
- Education (learning about history and culture of a place, ex. Wildlife, relations between humans, etc.) - culture
- Wish fulfillment (something you always wanted to do) - interpersonal
- Shopping - interpersonal, cultural, status/prestige

Difficulties in Determining Tourism Motivation:
- ‘tourism’ is not a single, specific product
- Tourists not always aware of deep psychological desires; May not be aware of deep roots, ex. Really needing to get away
- May be multiple (and contradictory!) motivations
- Motivation can change over time; Ex. could go for one thing and decide to see another
- Motivation can change during the trip or between trips