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computer network and systems > recourse management at system and network level > Flashcards

recourse management at system and network level Flashcards

1
Q

operating system

A

core software device that manages recourses and serves as an interface between hardware and user applications

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2
Q

what are the core functions of the os

A

process management
memory management
i/o management
file system management

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3
Q

process management

A

handling the lifecycle of processes

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4
Q

memory management

A

allocation and managing system memory

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5
Q

i/o management

A

managing data input and output from hardware

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6
Q

file system management

A

managing the file storage and retrieval

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7
Q

kernel

A

core compound of an os

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8
Q

monolithic kernel

A

apps cannot directly interact with certain parts of the system but have to do it through an interface; system calls

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9
Q

what are monolithic kernels usually used in

A

general purpose applications

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10
Q

what are micro kernels usually used in

A

embedded systems; lightweight and recourse constrained

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11
Q

microkernels

A

the kernel is used for scheduling whilst other capabilities are controlled by servers

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12
Q

how do monolithic and micro kernels differ in size

A

mono; large and complex
micro; small and minimal, only basic services

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13
Q

how do monolithic and micro kernels differ in modularity

A

mono; less modular, new features will affect the entire system
micro; more modular, easy to scale and can bring in new services without changing the entire os

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14
Q

how do monolithic and micro kernels differ in security

A

mono; if the kernel is compromised the entire system is down
micro; more secure as everything is isolated from each other so attacks will only affect the section attacked

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15
Q

how does security work in microkernels

A

you can change security measures for each server based on its needs

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16
Q

what is a negative of microkernels (performance)

A

you cant run applications concurrently as they’re all communicating with each other which reduces performance

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17
Q

process abstraction

A

the os abstracts running programs as processesr

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18
Q

recourse contention

A

multiple processes compete for cpu time, memory and i/o

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19
Q

how does the kernel view processes

A

the kernel keeps a data structure for each process; process control block

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20
Q

pcb

A

process control block

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21
Q

what are the 7 parts of the pcb

A

process state
process id
user id etc
program counter
registers
address space
open files

22
Q

what is the role of registers in the pcb

A

store information about the process running

23
Q

what are the 4 process states

A

new
ready/runnable
running
waiting

24
Q

waiting (process state)

A

the process is waiting for an event to be completed e.g. system call and when this is completed it goes back to the ready state and the os decides when it should be run

25
Q

what is the benefit of the waiting process state

A

i/o processes are quite slow so it is more efficient to have another process running whilst you wait

26
Q

what is process scheduling

A

how the os decides which process gets cpu time

27
Q

pre-emptive scheduling

A

the os interrupts a running process to switch to another one

28
Q

fork (pre-emptive scheduling)

A

when the process currently running requires another process to begin in order to complete it

29
Q

periodic timer interrupt (pre-emptive scheduling)

A

if the running process used up the time given another is scheduled

29
Q

non-pre-emptive scheduling

A

the process is allowed to finish before switching

29
Q

context switching

A

moving from one running process to another

29
Q

device interrupt (pre-emptive scheduling)

A

when a disk request is complete or a packet is received the process that was waiting for it is moved form waiting to ready and the os decides if it should run or continue waiting based on priority

29
Q

what is a negative of context switching

A

uses a lot of recourses as you have to save the pcb then load it again in the execution state

30
Q

what is multitasking and what are some benefits

A

the os executing multiple tasks simultaneously which improves cpu efficiency and user experience

31
Q

pre-emptive multitasking

A

the os allocated cpu time in time slices and interrupts tasks when needed

32
Q

cooperative multitasking

A

processes give up cpu time to allow other tasks to run

33
Q

what are some positives of multitasking

A

allows for efficient recourse use
better user experience

34
Q

multitasking negatives

A

context switching overhead
synchronization issues

35
Q

threads

A

schedulable exceptions context that share recourses link memory but execute independently
v lightweight programs

36
Q

what is a benefit of threads

A

can reduce context overhead

37
Q

multi-threading

A

spawning multiple threads of execution that run concurrently

38
Q

benefits of multi-threading

A

allows 1 process to use multiple cpus and cores
allows programs to overlalp i/o and computation

39
Q

kernel level threads

A

each user level thread is mapped to a kernel level thread
allows parallelism

39
Q

user lever threads

A

multiple user level threads are mapped to one kernel level thread
no parallelism

40
Q

benefit of user level threads

A

reduces context switching overhead

41
Q

what causes contention

A

high network traffic
limited available bandwidth
congested network paths

42
Q

what is contention

A

when multiple processes, devices and users compete for limited network bandwidth

43
Q

what is the difference between circuit and packet switching

A

packet; small packages on different paths
circuit; one dedicated path is established between the two nodes

44
Q

positive of packet switching

A

efficient bandwidth use
better for bursty traffic

45
Q

negative of packet switching

A

variable latency
possible packet loss

46
Q

circuit switching positive

A

guaranteed bandwidth
low latency

47
Q

circuit switching negative

A

inefficient use of recourses during idle periods

computer network and systems (7 decks)

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