Reconstruction Flashcards
Lincoln -> overview
- republican
- union of N&S states
- enforce 13th amendment
- enforce federal law
Lincoln -> policies
- 10% plan
- Wade-Davis bill
- 13th A
- Freedman’s Bureau
10% Plan
rebel states admitted to the union if 10% of electoral agreed to an oath of future allegiance to the USA, supported all existing acts of congress regarding slavery and allowed AA to vote
Wade - Davis Bill
- much tougher version of the 10% plan -> required 50% of electorate to take an oath of allegiance of past & future loyalty to the government and said that anyone who had been in the confederate army couldn’t have a government role
- was vetoed by Lincoln
Thirteenth amendment
formally freed all slaves in the USA -> 3.4mil slaves freed by this
The freedman’s bureau
US agency set up for just one year to help former slaves providing advice on education and employment -> only successful thing under Linconln
Lincoln -> Successful?
- early death
- only 1 successful policy (freedman’s bureau)
- 13th A freed millions of slaves
- failed at unionising
Johnson -> overview
- democrat
made president when Lincoln was killed (never really meant to be president) - state laws -> black codes
- union (didn’t want to enforce more change upon the south)
Johnson -> policies
- Civil rights bill (1866)
- 14th A
- radical reconstruction
Civil rights bill 1866
gave minimum rights to black people -> J vetoed but congress overturned -> black codes combat this bill
14th Amendment 1868
-gave citizenship to anyone born in the US -> rejected by all ex-confederate state except Tennessee -> failed to get the 75% approval it needed to become a law
radical reconstruction
- military reconstruction - impose military rule on S
-command of army - reduce J’s military power - tenure of office - prevent J from removing a host of office holders
Johnson -> successful?
- failed at unionising
- most of his congress was a different party to him so they couldn’t agree
- nearly impeached - 1 vote away
Grant -> overview
- republican
- commanding general under Johnson
1868 election -> won based on 7mil AA votes
-Union - AA rights in South
- Enforcement of federal law
Grant -> policies
- carpet-baggers
- scalawags
- 15th A
- Amnesty act 1872
Carpet baggers
majority of N officials nicknamed after their type of suitcases -> seen as an occupying force by southerners
Scalawags
Renegade southern whites who helped the ‘carpet-baggers’ with occupation
15th Amendment 1869
citizens of any race could vote wherever they lived
Amnesty Act 1872
removed most of the penalties imposed on former confederates by 14th A
Grant -> successful?
- lots of corruption under him
- unionised much of the country
focused on AA rights - congress had most power
What aim did all 3 reconstruction presidents avoid??
ECONOMY
How many Americans died in the civil war?
700,000
How many confederates did Johnson Pardon?
13,000
How many slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment
3.4 million
what year was Freedman’s Bureau established?
1865
what year was the military reconstruction act and what did it do?
1867 - introduced military control to the south
What year was the Amnesty act and what did it do?
1872 - allowed ex-confederates to get into power
Which president ended reconstruction and how?
Hayes - Southern compromise - restored power in southern states
In South Carolina 1881, 70% of eligible black people voted, how did this change by 1896?
it fell to 11%
how many people were killed at the 1868 elections by white supremacists?
1000
Colfax Massacre - when and how many dead?
1873 - 150 Freemen killed
Why where the convictions of who men who’d been prosecuted for the Colfax massacre overturned in 1876?
it ruled that the 14th A only applied to states, not individuals
what is the NAACP and who helped to establish it?
WEB Du Bois helped set up the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
who was Booker T Washington and what did he believe?
A former slave who believed progress would be slow and that freed slaves had to be educated and prove themselves
Who was Madam CJ Walker?
a member of a sharecropper family who developed a hair cream for black people, becoming the first black, female, millionaire
How many black senators an house of representatives were elected into congress in this period?
2 senators, 2 house of representatives
Give 3 universities set up for African Americans.
Howard University
Hampton University
Tuskegee University
by 1910, what percentage of black farmers owned their land?
25%
