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Spanish Grammer Review -- Study Spanish > Recommended Grammer Basics > Flashcards

Recommended Grammer Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

Present Indicative: Hay

A

There is, there are

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2
Q

Present Indicative AR – Ex: Hablar

A

Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, hablan

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3
Q

Present Indicative ER – Ex: Comer

A

Como, comes, come, comemos, comen

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4
Q

Present Indicative IR – Ex: Vivir

A

Vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, viven

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5
Q

Masculine or feminine?: -sion, -cion, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre

A

Feminine:

La television
La decision
la conversacion
la ciudad
la dificultad
la gratitud
la muchedumbre
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6
Q

Masculine or feminine?: -a, -ma, and other exceptions

A

Masculine (mostly):

el problema
el telegrama
el programa
el mapa
el sistema
el poema
el dia
el tema
el clima
el idioma
el sofa
el planeta

Feminine exceptions with -o ending:

la mano
la radio

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7
Q

Present Indicative: Stem Changers o -> ue (except nosotros)

A 
contar --> cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, cuentan
mover
dormir
almorzar
morir
aprobar
mostrar
colgar
probar
costar
recordar
devolver
resolver
volver
rogar
sonar
eoncontrar
sonar
envolver
tostar
morder
volar
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8
Q

Present Indicative: Stem Changers e -> ie (except nosotros)

A 
mentir --> miento, mientes, miente, mentimos, mienten
acertar
encender
advertir
entender
cerrar
fregar
comenzar
hervir
confesar
consentir
negar
convertir
pensar
defender
perder
empexar
preferir
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9
Q

Present Indicative: Stem Changers e -> i (except nosotros)

A 
medir --> mido, mides, mide, medimos, miden
pedir
bendecir
colegir
maldecir
competir
consegur
corregir
preseguir
decir (irregular)
reir
despedir
repetir
elegir
seguir
freir
servir
gemir
sonreir
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10
Q

Present Indicative: Irregular Yo form

A 
caber --> quepo
caer --> caigo
conocer --> conozco
dar --> doy
hacer --> hago
poner --> pongo
saber --> se
salir --> salgo
traducir --> traduzco
traer --> traigo
valer --> valgo
ver --> veo
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11
Q

Present Indicative: Irregular all forms

A

Ser: soy, eres, es, somos, son
Estar: estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estan
Ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, van
Haber: he, has, ha, hemos, han

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12
Q

Imperfect: AR

A

Hablar: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablabamos, hablaban

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13
Q

Imperfect: ER/IR

A

Comer: comia, comias, comia, comiamos, comian

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14
Q

Imperfect: Irregular

A

Ser: era, eras, era, eramos, eran
Ir: iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, iban
Ver: veia, veias, veia, veiamos, veian

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15
Q

Preterite: AR

A

Hablar: hable, hablaste, hablo, hablamos, hablaron

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16
Q

Preterite: ER/IR

A

Comer: comi, comiste, comio, comimos, comieron

17
Q

Preterite: Irregular

A

Ser: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
Ir: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
Dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron
Hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
Decir: dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron
Traer: traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron
Ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

18
Q

Preterite: Minor stem changes

A

Stem changing verbs ending in AR/ER in the Present Indicative DO NOT change their form in Preterite. IR stem changes do in the usted/ustedes forms only:

Dormir –> durmio, durmieron
Preferir –> prefirio, prefirieron

19
Q

Preterite: Orthographic changes in Yo

A

gar –> g to gu
car –> c to qu
zar –> z to c

Ex:

jugar: jugue
buscar: busque
almorzar: almorce

List:
cegar -- blind
colgar
jugar
llegar
pagar
plegar -- fold
regar -- water
rogar
tragar -- swallow
vagar -- wander
aparcar -- park
buscar
clarificar
clasificar
destacar -- highlight
empacar
justificar
practicar
sacar
tocar
almorzar
autorizar
cazar -- hunt
comenzar
cruzar
empexar
forzar
organizar
simbolizar
tropezar -- trip
20
Q

Preterite: Orthographic changes in Usted/Ustedes

A 
creer -- creyo, creyeron
caer -- cayo, cayeron
oir -- oyo, oyeron
poseer
proveer
construir
contribuir
destruir
fluir
incluir
influir
21
Q

Preterite: Major stem changes

  • e
  • iste
  • o
  • imos
  • ieron
A 
Andar --> Anduv
Estar --> Estuv
Tener --> Tuv
Caber --> Cup
Haber --> Hub
Poder --> Pud
Poner --> Pus
Saber --> Sup
Hacer --> Hic
Querer --> Quis
Venir --> Vin
22
Q

Subjunctive: Used to express emotions, fears, doubts, etc. some example triggers:

A

a menos que …
unless …

antes (de) que …
before …

con tal (de) que …
provided that …

cuando …
when …

conviene que …
it is advisable that …

después (de) que …
after …

dudar que …
to doubt that …

en caso de que …
in case …

en cuanto …
as soon as …

es aconsejable que …
it’s advisable that …

es bueno que …
it’s good that …

es difícil que …
it’s unlikely that …

es dudoso que …
it is doubtful that …

es fácil que …
it’s likely that …

es fantástico que …
it’s fantastic that …

es importante que …
it’s important that …

es imposible que …
it’s impossible that …

es improbable que …
it’s unlikely that …

es incierto que …
it’s uncertain that …

es increíble que …
it’s incredible that …

es (una) lástima que …
it’s a pity that …

es malo que …
it’s bad that …

es mejor que …
it’s better that …

es menester que …
it’s necessary that …

es necesario que …
it’s necessary that …

esperar que …
to wish that …

es posible que …
it’s possible that …

es preciso que …
it’s necessary that …

es preferible que …
it’s preferable that …

es probable que …
it’s probable that …

es raro que …
it’s rare that …

es ridículo que …
it’s ridiculous that …

estar contento que
to be happy that …

es terrible que …
it’s terrible that …

hasta que …
until …

insistir en que …
to insist that …

mandar que …
to order that …

más vale que …
it’s better that …

mientras que …
while …

negar que …
to deny that …

no creer que …
not to believe that …

no es cierto que …
it’s not certain that …

no estar convencido de que …
to not be convinced that …

no estar seguro de que …
to not be sure that …

no es verdad que …
it’s not true that …

no imaginarse que …
to not imagine that …

no parecer que …
to not seem that …

no pensar que …
to not think that …

no suponer que …
to not suppose that …

ojalá que …
if only he would …

para que …
in order that …

pedir que …
to ask that …

preferir que …
to prefer that …

prohibir que …
to prohibit that …

puede ser que …
it may be that …

querer que …
to want that …

recomendar que …
to recommend that …

rogar que …
to plead that …

sentir que …
to regret that …

sin que …
without …

sugerir que …
to suggest that …

tan pronto como …
as soon as …

temer que …
to fear that …

tener miedo de que …
to be afraid that …

23
Q

Subjunctive Regular AR Verbs

A

Yo form of the present tense indicative:

Habe, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen

24
Q

Subjunctive Regular ER Verbs

A

Yo form of the present tense indicative:

Coma, Comas. Coma, Comamos, Coman

25
Q

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs

A 
Dar: De, des, de, demos, den
Estar: Este, Estes, Este, Estemos, Esten
Haber: Haya, Hayas, Haya, Hayamos, Hayan
Saber: Sepa, Sepas, Sepa, Sepamos, Sepan
Ser: Sea, Seas, Sea, Seamos, Sean
Ir: Vaya, Vayas, Vaya, Vayamos, Vayan
26
Q

Informal Tu Regular Commands

A

Hablar:

  • -> Habla
  • -> No Hables

Comer:

  • -> Come
  • -> No comas
27
Q

Informal Tu Irregular Commands

A

For negative use the tu form of the present subjunctive:

Decir: --> Di, --> No Digas
Hacer: --> Haz, --> No Hagas
Ir: --> Ve, --> No Vayas
Poner: --> Pon, --> No Pongas
Salir: --> Sal, --> No Salgas
Ser: --> Se, --> No Seas
Tener: --> Ten, --> No Tengas
Venir: --> Ven, --> No Vengas
28
Q

Future regular

A

Hablar: Hablare, Hablaras, Hablara, Hablaremos, Hablaran
(e, as, a, emos, an)

Comer: Comere, Comeras, comera, comeremos, comeran

29
Q

Future Irregular (stem changers with same endings as regular) shown in the Yo form only

A 
Caber: Cabre
Poner: Pondre
Decir: Dire
Haber: Habre
Salir: Saldre
Hacer: Hare
Poder: Podre
Tener: Tendre
Querer: Querre
Valer: Valdre
Saber: Sabre
Venir: Vendre
30
Q

Past Participle: for perfect tenses (Verb + Infinitive) Regular + Irregulars

A

Regular: AR –> He Hablado
Reglular: ER/IR –> He Comido

Ex: Juan ha pagado las cuentas
Ex: Las cuentas estan pagadas

Abrir: Abierto
Cubrir: Cubierto
Decir: Dicho
Escribir: Escrito
Freir: Frito
Hacer: Hecho
Morir: Muerto
Poner: Puesto
Resolver: Resuelto
Romper: Roto
Ver: Visto
Volver: Vuelto
31
Q

Conditional Regular AR/ER/IR + Irregular

A

REGULAR:
Comer: Comeria, Comerias, Comeria, Comeriamos, Comerian

IRREGULAR:
Same as Future stem changers

32
Q

Imperfect Subjunctive uses:

A
  1. An action in the past in same situations where subjunctive would be required in the present.

EX:
Era interesante que Jorge me leyera las noticias (it was interesting that Jorge would read to me the news)
Vs.
Es Interesante que Jorge me lea las noticias (it is interesting that Jorge reads to me the news)

  1. After expression Ojala or Ojala que (to hope)

EX:
Ojala que nevara manana (I hope that it would snow tomorrow)
Vs.
Ojala que nieve manana (I hope that it snows tomorrow)

  1. In “if” clauses

EX:
Compraria un coche nuevo si tuviera dinero (I would buy a new car if I had the money)

  1. When the verb in the main clause is one of the past tenses or in the conditional, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the dependent clause

EX:

Preterite
Quise que (el) me escribiera (I wanted him to write me)

Imperfect
Queria que mi hijo me escribiera cada dia (I wanted my son to write me every day)

Past Perfect
Habia querido que mi hijo me escribiera en su ausencia (I had wanted that my son write me in his absence)

Conditional
Querria que mi hijo me escribiera durante su viaje (I would like my son to to write me during his trip)

  1. When the verb in the main clause is in the present but it refers to a previous occurence:

EX:
No me gusta que (el) llegara con ella (I do not like that he arrived with her)

Es bueno que ustedes vinieron juntos (It’s good that you guys came together)

Es obvio que (el) quisiera haber tenido novia (It’s obvious that he would have wanted to have a girlfiriend)

  1. To indicate politeness:

Quisiera asistir a la reunion:
(I would like to attend the meeting)

Pudiera ir con ustedes?
(Could I go with you?)

Tu debieras ofrecerle ayuda
(You should offer to help him/her)

33
Q

Imperfect Subjunctive Regular AR/ER/IR

A

Take third person form of ustedes preterite, drop on ending and add the following:

a, as,a, amos, an

EX: Cantar –> 3rd person preterite is Cantaron –> regular ending is
Cantara, Cantaras, Cantara, Cantaramos, Cantaran

EX: Correr –> 3rd person preterite is Corrieron –> regular ending is
Corriera, Corrieras, Corriera, Corrieramos, Corrieran

34
Q

Imperfect Subjunction Irregulars

A 
Hacer --> Hiciera
Decir --> Dijera
Tener --> Tuviera
Estar --> Estuviera
Ir --> Fuera
Ser --> Fuera

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