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224 > Recap from first year - phylogenetic trees & chracterisitcs of organisms, Cnidaria and Ctenophora > Flashcards

Recap from first year - phylogenetic trees & chracterisitcs of organisms, Cnidaria and Ctenophora Flashcards

Week 1

1
Q

Metabolism

A

all processes in your body anabolic and catabolic pathways.

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2
Q

Characterisitc of Living Organisms (animals)

A

1) Metabolism
2) Responsiveness
3) Movement
4) Growth
5) Differentiation
6) Reproduction
7) Respiration

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3
Q

Responsiveness

A

stimulus to your environment

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4
Q

Movement

A

ability to to respond to stimuli

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5
Q

Growth

A

increase in size and complexity

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6
Q

Differentiation

A

ability to have specialised functions

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7
Q

Reproduction

A

animals reproduce to from new off spring sexually with gametes and asexually

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8
Q

Respiration

A

exchange of gases over a surface

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9
Q

Arrangement of Eumetazoa

A

Cells (protista)
Tissues (diploblastic taxa)
Organ (triploblastic taxa)
Organism (animal)

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10
Q

What are the Basic Classification Levels?
(heirarchy)

All PHYLA are monophyletic
The non-monophyly fall in Classes - some of the classes can be non-monophyletic.
Non-monophyletic = di/paraphyletic or polyphyletic

A

K1ingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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11
Q

What is a Sub Species?

A

Geographically separated species, that evolved over time. Generally the genetics are the same

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12
Q

Eumetazoa recognition of animals

A

Symmetry (bilateral/ radial)
Body cavity (GVC / Coelomate / acoeleomate / pseudocoelomate)
Protosome or Deutrosome
Germ Layers (2 or 3)

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of animalian Symmetry?

A

Radial -
Bilateral - mirror image and cephilisation. not all animals here a triploblastic can also be radially symmetrical.

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14
Q

What is a Protostome?

A

Mouth Forms first
Coelom forms
Spiral cleavage
Polar lobe formation in some
Mollusca, Annelida, Anthropoda

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15
Q

What is a Deuterostome?

A

Anus forms first
Entrocoel
Radial Cleavage absent
Echinodermata, Chordata

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16
Q

Homology

A

Traits from a common ancestor

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17
Q

Pleisiomorphy

A

a primitive character

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18
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared derived character
(usually in phylogenetic tree reconstruction)

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19
Q

What is a character?

A

Derived from:
* morphology
* anatomy
* ecology
* DNA
* RNA

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20
Q

Apomorphy

A

a derived character

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21
Q

Autapomorphy

A

a derived character present in one group

22
Q

Sympleisiomorphy

A

a shared primitive character

23
Q

Clade

A

when groups share recent ancestor they form group

24
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Trees are hypothesis – no absolutely correct or incorrect tree - no one can see the past or how species evolved with certainty

25
Q

Node

A

point of branching

26
Q

Monophyly

A

a single origin

27
Q

Polyphyletic

A

multiple origins
3 clades.

28
Q

Di/paraphyletic

A

2 clades with the same class.

29
Q

Cladogenesis

A

formation of a new clade

30
Q

Ingroup

A

group under study

31
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A group that is the closes living ancestor to the ingroup and used to polarize ingroup characters.

32
Q

Nodes on phylogenetic trees are statistically underscored using…

A
  • Bootstrapping -random resampling event
  • Bremer support
  • Posterior Probability
  • Jackknifing
33
Q

What does bootsraping, and posterioir probability mean?

A

Statistical
Bootstrapping >75%
PP >0.95

34
Q

How to read the tree topology?

be able to clarify these for tests

A
  • Which groups are monophyletic
  • Which groups are non-monophyletic (diphyletic, paraphyletic or polyphyletic)
  • Which groups are sister taxons

Some are more closely related to plants then animals.Protista as well as the Porifera are non-monophyletic.

35
Q

General chracteristic of porozoa?

A
  1. Eukaryotic and unicellular
  2. Lack collagen and chitinous cell walls
  3. mostly non photosynthetic
  4. Paraphyletic group
  5. structures used in locomotion is used in taxonomy – flagella, cilia, pseudopodia (forms from ecto and endoplasm in ameboid) and the absence of locomotory structure
36
Q

Phyla Ciliophora

A

Body externally ciliated in at least some part of life cucle
At least one micronucleus and macronucleus

37
Q

Phyla Dinoflagellate

A

Species bear at least two distinct flagella
Specimens covered by cellulose plate

38
Q

Phylum Sporozoa

A

Disease causing in higher animals

39
Q

Phylum Granuloreticulosa

A

Pseudopodia

40
Q

Phylum Radiozoa

A

Body divided into distinct intracapsular and extracapsular zones

41
Q

Phylum Heliozoa

A

Body divided into distinct inner and outer regions but the regiojs are not separated by any physical boundaries

42
Q

General characteristics of Porifera?

A
  1. Simple unicellular animals
  2. 20% freshwater – 80% marine – filter feeders
  3. Lacks tissue
  4. No nerves and musculature
  5. Simple reproduction – digestion and excretion
  6. Amorphous structure
    7 .limited cellular specialization
    8 .Empty cavity called a spongocoel
  7. Flagellated cells called choanocytes function to generate currents and captures small food particles and are stem cell like
  8. Mesophyl supported by spongin fibers, elastin, collagen, and spicules
43
Q

Basic taxonomy

A

Class Calcarea – spicules made of calcium carbonate, generally marine
Class Demospongia – 90% of all sponges, spongin fibers and silica comprise body
Class Hexactinellida – six sided spicules of silica, glass sponges

44
Q

Diploblastic animals

A

consists of 2 pylas:
Cnidarians
Ctenophora

These phyla are both monophyletic but they are not sister groups.

45
Q

Cnidarians

A

indeterminate cleavage with canals
Nematocycts
Gonochoristic
Muscles in gastroderm
mono-ciliated
4-classes
one fresh water group
Polyps and medusa
Pelagic and demersal
Biorefracts light

46
Q

Ctenophora

A

Determinate cleavage
Digestive system with canals
colloblasts- slime cells
hermaphroditic
muscles in mesoglea
multi-ciliated
2 classe all marine,
Only mudusae
Demersal
Biorefracts light / some biolumniescens

47
Q

General characterisitc of Cnidaria?

A
  1. two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) NO mesoderm
  2. All have nematocysts
  3. possess bona fide nerve and muscle (in mesoglea – jelly layer between ecto and endoderm)
  4. one body cavity opening
  5. Ectoderm – mainly adapted for protection
  6. Endoderm – mainly adapted for digestion – both extra and intracellular digestion
  7. Both polyp and medusa – dominant life phase is important in taxonomy of the group
  8. Polyp is sessile and medusa free swimming
48
Q

Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

A

Asexual reproduction - stobilation
Only a few 100 species
Jelly fish – medusoid – form of an inverted cup
Body cavity opening with tentacles
Both statocysts – for balance and ocelli – for orientation
Both polyp and medusa

49
Q

Cnidariav Class Cubozoa

A

Medusa cube shape
Small class 20 species
Medusa dominant stage – has powerful neurotoxins
Active swimmer

50
Q

Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

A

Polyp dominant

51
Q

Cnidaria Class Anthozoan

A

Largely marine
GVC comprised of septa
Has both circular and longitudinal muscles
Carnivorous
Sea anemones and corals
Medusa ABSENT – only polyp

52
Q

Ctenophora
Class Tentacula
Class Nuda

224 (13 decks)

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