RECAP Flashcards
CNS
-Spinal cord transmits information to the brain which controls response
PNS
- Surrounds CNS, detects external info and transmits info to CNS
- Somatic nervous system (sense organs - CNS - muscles)
- Automatic nervous system (controls involuntary muscles - heart etc.)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (relaxed/inhibitory)
- Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
Glial cells
-Non-neural cells help maintain homeostasis (astrocytes and microglia)
Nerve cells
- Sensory neurone - cell body branches off in the middle (afferent neurons)
- Interneuron - cell body is surrounded by dendrites
- Motor neurone - cell body is at one end and dendrites at the other
Action potential
- Resting potential: -70mV
- Depolarisation: stimulation
- Repolarisation: ion channels close and axon returns to resting potential
- Hyperpolarisation: Overly negative
- Frequency coding: all or nothing
- Refractory period: controls the amount of action potentials
- Summation: additive effects
Sodium potassium pump
-Three Na+ out for 2 K+ in using ATP (active process)
Chemical transmission
-Neuromodulators and hormones
Endocrine system
Adrenal glands (metabolism and stress)
Hypothalamus: (involuntary body functions and regulates sleep/appetite)
Ovaries and testies: (female vs male characteristics)
Pancreas: (insulin)
Pineal gland: (sleep and daily cycles)
Pituitary gland: (endocrine glands)
Thymus gland: (immune system)
Thyroid gland: (stimulate heat production, bone growth and metabolism)
Neurotransmitter receptors
- Ionotropic: direct, immediate and brief
- Metabotropic: indirect, slow, complex and widespread (secondary messengers)
General directions
-Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), Anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Landmarks
- -Fissures are major grooves
- Inter-hemispheric fissure (central sulcus)
- Sulci are small grooves
- Gyri are convolutions (surface between fissures)
Inner brain
- Ventricles: cerebrospinal fluid, meninges
- Basal ganglia: motor control
- Limbic system: cingulate cortex, olfactory, amygdala, hippocampus and pituitary gland
- Thalamus: sesnsory and motor info, hyothalamus and mammillary bodies
Midbrain
- Tectum: superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi
- Tegmentum: Periaqueductal grey matter (pain, reticular formation (arousal), substantia nigra (dopamine), red nucleus (motor)
Hind brain
- Medulla - respiration and muscle tone
- Cerebellum - movement, balance, memory and language
- Pons - sleep and arousal
Cerebral cortex
- Occipital lobe: visual cotrex
- Parietal lobe: somatosensory and somatopy
- Temporal lobe: auditory cortex
- Frontal lobe: motor cortex
