RECAP Flashcards
CNS
-Spinal cord transmits information to the brain which controls response
PNS
- Surrounds CNS, detects external info and transmits info to CNS
- Somatic nervous system (sense organs - CNS - muscles)
- Automatic nervous system (controls involuntary muscles - heart etc.)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (relaxed/inhibitory)
- Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
Glial cells
-Non-neural cells help maintain homeostasis (astrocytes and microglia)
Nerve cells
- Sensory neurone - cell body branches off in the middle (afferent neurons)
- Interneuron - cell body is surrounded by dendrites
- Motor neurone - cell body is at one end and dendrites at the other
Action potential
- Resting potential: -70mV
- Depolarisation: stimulation
- Repolarisation: ion channels close and axon returns to resting potential
- Hyperpolarisation: Overly negative
- Frequency coding: all or nothing
- Refractory period: controls the amount of action potentials
- Summation: additive effects
Sodium potassium pump
-Three Na+ out for 2 K+ in using ATP (active process)
Chemical transmission
-Neuromodulators and hormones
Endocrine system
Adrenal glands (metabolism and stress)
Hypothalamus: (involuntary body functions and regulates sleep/appetite)
Ovaries and testies: (female vs male characteristics)
Pancreas: (insulin)
Pineal gland: (sleep and daily cycles)
Pituitary gland: (endocrine glands)
Thymus gland: (immune system)
Thyroid gland: (stimulate heat production, bone growth and metabolism)
Neurotransmitter receptors
- Ionotropic: direct, immediate and brief
- Metabotropic: indirect, slow, complex and widespread (secondary messengers)
General directions
-Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), Anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Landmarks
- -Fissures are major grooves
- Inter-hemispheric fissure (central sulcus)
- Sulci are small grooves
- Gyri are convolutions (surface between fissures)
Inner brain
- Ventricles: cerebrospinal fluid, meninges
- Basal ganglia: motor control
- Limbic system: cingulate cortex, olfactory, amygdala, hippocampus and pituitary gland
- Thalamus: sesnsory and motor info, hyothalamus and mammillary bodies
Midbrain
- Tectum: superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi
- Tegmentum: Periaqueductal grey matter (pain, reticular formation (arousal), substantia nigra (dopamine), red nucleus (motor)
Hind brain
- Medulla - respiration and muscle tone
- Cerebellum - movement, balance, memory and language
- Pons - sleep and arousal
Cerebral cortex
- Occipital lobe: visual cotrex
- Parietal lobe: somatosensory and somatopy
- Temporal lobe: auditory cortex
- Frontal lobe: motor cortex
Brian mapping
Ex-vivo (post-mortem)
Ex-vitro (slices and cultures)
In-vivo (whole animal, invasive and non-invasive)
Behavioural genetics (twin and adoption studies)
Neuropsychological techniques (measure function in relation to structure)
Scans
EEG (measures brains electric field)
ERP (changes in brains electric field)
MEG (measures magnetic field)
CAT (computer reconstruction of brain using radiation)
MRI (measures hydrogen density)
PET (measures metabolic activity using radioactive tracers)
fMRI (measures changes in blood flow using blood oxygen level)
Hyperpolarisation
Movement of resting potential from -70mV to -85mV
EPSP
-Sodium ions enter the cell
Neuropeptides
-amino acid chains that act as neuromodulators
depolarisation
-reduces the membrane potential
Schwann cells
-myeliniate axons in PNS
cranial nerves
-12 pairs
