Recall 1 Flashcards
What is the first-line treatment for child depression?
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine is commonly used for treating depression in children.
What medications are used for the treatment of repetitive movements in children at 12 months?
Clonidine, haloperidol
These medications can help manage symptoms related to repetitive movements.
What is the male to female ratio for Tourette syndrome?
3:1, 1:1
The ratio indicates a higher prevalence in males compared to females.
According to ICD-11 and DSM-5, when must symptoms of ADHD appear?
Before the age of 12
This criterion is important for the diagnosis of ADHD.
What are the first-line medications for OCD in children?
Fluvoxamine, paroxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Clomipramine
Sertraline is not included in the first-line options.
What is the first-line treatment for compulsive sexual preoccupation in OCD?
SSRI, Clomipramine, Aripiprazole
SSRIs are often the first choice for treating OCD symptoms.
What combination is used for refractory OCD?
Clomipramine + Citalopram, Citalopram + Prazosin
These combinations can be effective for treatment-resistant cases.
What guidelines does NICE provide for OCD treatment?
Anterior cingulotomy, rTMS, DBS
These interventions are recommended for severe cases of OCD.
What other conditions is DBS effective for besides OCD?
Tourette syndrome, dystonia
DBS is a neuromodulation technique used for various movement disorders.
What symptoms characterize cocaine withdrawal?
Vivid dreams, increased appetite, dysphoria
Withdrawal symptoms can vary among individuals.
Which substances can cause psychosis during withdrawal?
Cannabis, cocaine, heroin
Withdrawal from these substances can lead to severe psychological symptoms.
Which substance has the least dependence?
LSD
LSD is known for having a lower potential for dependence compared to other substances.
What are tactile sensations and jaw rigidity associated with?
Amphetamine, ketamine
These symptoms can occur during substance use or withdrawal.
What substances are associated with long-term cognitive impairment?
Cannabis, cocaine
Chronic use can lead to persistent cognitive deficits.
What type of drug is Mephedrone?
Stimulant
Mephedrone is known for its stimulant properties.
What is the best predictor of gaming addiction in young people?
Introversion, novelty-seeking behavior, less neuroticism, rich fantasy life
These personality traits can indicate higher risk for gaming addiction.
When should inpatient detoxification be considered?
History taking BNZ
Benzodiazepine withdrawal often requires careful management.
What imaging findings are associated with chronic alcohol use?
Corpus callosum enlargement, lateral ventricle enlargement, white matter anisotropy
These changes can be observed in chronic alcohol users.
What does antecedent stimulus control involve?
What are the symptoms of Cri du chat syndrome?
Noisy, hypertelorism, microcephaly, hypotonia, moderate ID
These features are characteristic of Cri du chat syndrome.
What is the most common symptom of Fragile X syndrome?
Hyperactivity
Fragile X syndrome is often associated with behavioral issues.
Which gene is associated with Rett syndrome?
MECP2
Mutations in this gene lead to Rett syndrome.
What is a characteristic of Landau-Kleffner syndrome?
Epilepsy, language regression
This syndrome is marked by the sudden loss of language skills.
What is the typical distribution pattern in Prader-Willi syndrome?
Equal distribution
This refers to the genetic expression of the syndrome.
What are common behavioral issues in individuals with learning disabilities?
Aggression
This can be a significant challenge in managing individuals with learning disabilities.
What medication can help with menstrual pain in intellectually disabled girls?
Levomepromazine, ibuprofen, SSRI
These medications can manage pain and mood symptoms.
What techniques can help a learning disabled patient who refuses an injection?
Flooding, desensitization, distraction, give BNZ, risperidone
These are strategies to manage anxiety and facilitate medical procedures.
What is normalization in the context of learning disabilities?
Release of individuals from institutional care to community care
This concept emphasizes the importance of community integration.
What does DPT stand for in psychotherapy?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
This therapy focuses on emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness.
What is the focus of psychotherapy for PTSD in children?
Direct questions, allow child to initiate, ask family
Engaging the child and family is crucial for effective therapy.
What does CBT for depression include?
Degree of avoidance, negative cognitions, impulsivity, logic errors, early life activities
These elements are assessed to guide treatment.
What is the focus of social milieu therapy?
Transaction analysis scheme, CAT, IPT, compassion-focused therapy
These approaches emphasize relational dynamics in therapy.
What is a key element of motivational interviewing?
Cognitive dissonance amplification, incentive, goal setting
These elements help motivate individuals for change.
What is transference in psychotherapy?
May be psychotic, related to therapist only, should be ignored, takes months, explained by sublimation
Understanding transference helps in managing the therapeutic relationship.
What is the first-line drug for adults with eGFR <5?
Olanzapine, Clozapine, Chlorpromazine, Sulpride, Amisulpride
These medications are considered safe for patients with low kidney function.
What should be done with Memantine when eGFR is 53/1.73m²?
Use with caution
Renal function must be monitored when prescribing Memantine.
What medications are used for epilepsy with psychosis?
Haloperidol, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Lurasidone
These antipsychotics can be used in this context.
What should be avoided with Tamoxifen?
Paroxetine
Paroxetine can interfere with the effectiveness of Tamoxifen.
What is the recommended action if a patient on Risperidone has a QTc of 490?
Reduce Risperidone, refer to cardiology immediately
Monitoring cardiac health is critical in patients on antipsychotics.
What symptoms suggest psychogenic seizures rather than epilepsy?
Moving head to head, open eye, always continent of urine
These features are often associated with non-epileptic seizures.
What are predictive factors for long-term cognitive impairment after head injury?
Duration of PTA, duration of unconsciousness, GCS
These factors can help assess prognosis after a traumatic brain injury.
What are sequelae of head injury?
ADHD, ASD, personality disorders
These conditions can develop following a head injury.
In comparison to anorexia, what is the prevalence of bulimia?
Higher prevalence
Bulimia nervosa is more common than anorexia nervosa.
What is the first-line treatment for Bulimia?
Guided self-help, individual CBT, Fluoxetine
These interventions are effective for treating Bulimia.
What is the next step if sertraline 200mg for BDD is ineffective?
Augment sertraline with buspirone, ECT, switch to venlafaxine, switch to another SSRI, augment with mirtazapine
These options can be considered for treatment-resistant BDD.
What diagnosis is indicated for a female presenting sudden aphonia after family stress?
Motor dissociative disorder, dissociative seizures, acute stress, adjustment, somatization
This presentation suggests a psychosomatic response.
What is the difference in bipolar disorder presentation between men and women?
Men more common to have first episode mania, higher suicide rates
Gender differences can influence the course of bipolar disorder.
What is a poor prognostic factor in psychosis?
Insidious onset
Gradual onset is often associated with worse outcomes.
What early symptoms of schizophrenia may present in young age?
Disorganized behavior, auditory hallucinations, passivity phenomena, paranoid delusions
Early detection is crucial for intervention.
What condition shows a good response to ECT?
Psychotic depression
ECT is effective for severe depressive episodes with psychotic features.
What is the first-line treatment for affective stupor?
Lorazepam, ECT
These treatments can help manage this severe state.
What are absolute contraindications for rTMS?
Space-occupying lesion, cardiac defibrillator, cochlear implant, epilepsy, pacemaker
Safety considerations are crucial when using rTMS.
What is the difference between BPD and Autism regarding fear?
Fear of abandonment
This differentiates the relational dynamics in BPD from those in Autism.
What is the most common comorbidity with gender dysphoria?
Mood disorder, personality disorder
Comorbidities can complicate treatment for gender dysphoria.
What is the duration for cyclothymia diagnosis?
2 years
This duration is necessary for a proper diagnosis.
What is the next step to prevent first episode psychosis?
Antipsychotic, statin to prevent progression
Early intervention is key in managing psychosis.
What is the best universal prevention against alcohol dependence?
Increase price, education in schools
These strategies are effective in reducing alcohol use.
What is the time required to decrease and stop mood stabilizers after stabilization in bipolar patients?
4 weeks, 2 weeks, 12 weeks
Tapering must be done cautiously to prevent relapse.
What is the prevalence of postnatal depression in developed countries?
5-10%, 11-15%
Postnatal depression is a significant public health concern.
What is the risk of developing Alzheimer’s if a sibling or parent has the disease?
20%, 10%, 30%, 40%
Family history increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
What distinguishes Alzheimer’s from normal aging?
Stairs, concentration
Cognitive decline is more pronounced in Alzheimer’s than normal aging.
What gene is associated with frontotemporal dementia?
Granulin gene
Mutations in this gene can lead to FTD.
What does a MOCA scale score of 22 indicate?
Delirium, dementia
This score suggests cognitive impairment that may require further evaluation.
What is the best evidence treatment for psychosis in Parkinson’s disease?
Clozapine, Quetiapine, Rivastigmine
These medications can help manage psychotic symptoms.
What symptoms are associated with Parkinson’s disease psychosis?
Auditory hallucinations, cognitive impairment
Monitoring for these symptoms is essential in Parkinson’s patients.
What are probable core features of DLB?
REM behavioral disorder, hallucinations of any modality, SPECT decrease dopamine
These features are critical for diagnosing DLB.
What is the definition of automatism in forensic psychiatry?
Loss of consciousness 1-2 minutes, must precede aura
This condition can be a defense in forensic cases.
What factors are involved in forensic psychiatry?
Conviction, remand, sentence, trial
These aspects are crucial in legal contexts involving mental health.
What is the likelihood of reoffending for prisoners compared to those released from hospital?
Less likely to reoffend, more likely to commit suicide, higher mortality
These statistics highlight the risks associated with incarceration.
What is the rate of suicide in prison compared to the general population?
Higher in prisoners
Overcrowding and lack of support contribute to this issue.
What disorder is most common among those who commit arson?
Alcohol use
Substance use is often linked to impulsive behaviors like arson.
What age group is most affected by female homicide victims with mental disorders?
<16
Young females with mental health issues are at increased risk.
What conditions can lead to being unfit to plead in a trial?
Amnesia for the event, hallucination, delusion
These mental states can affect legal competency.
What defines a Type 1 error in statistics?
Rejecting null hypothesis when it’s true
This is a common statistical error.
What does cofounder decrease refer to?
Stratification analysis
This technique helps control for confounding variables.
What test is used for non-normally distributed data?
Mann Whitney
This non-parametric test is used when data does not follow a normal distribution.
When are risk ratios and hazard ratios equal?
When prevalence is low
This relationship holds in epidemiological studies.
What is considered an indirect cost?
Loss of productivity
Indirect costs can significantly impact economic evaluations in healthcare.
What is the significance of outliers in statistical analysis?
Less valid
Outliers can skew results and affect the validity of findings.
What is the best way to conduct an ITT analysis?
Per protocol analysis, complete study growth curve
These methods help maintain the integrity of the analysis.
What is a CONSORT statement used for?
Reporting randomized controlled trials
It provides guidelines for transparent reporting.
What is the EER when responding to venlafaxine alone?
40
This represents the efficacy of the treatment.
What is ITT after the continuation phase?
Remission in arm 1 compared to arm 2
This helps assess the effectiveness of treatments over time.
What does a forest plot show?
Mirtazapine, placebo after SNRI most precise priming
Forest plots are used to visualize the results of multiple studies.
What defines the most efficacious and tolerated high left TMS?
What does a difference in mean between two groups of BDI 1.7 indicate?
What is the statistical significance of pregabalin vs. gabapentin in a forest plot?
Pregabalin more statistically significant in all
This suggests that pregabalin may be more effective.
What does it mean if gabapentin is statistically less in the last two options?
What is the calculation limitation for risk ratios?
Can’t calculate
Certain conditions may prevent risk ratio calculation.
What type of data is represented by odds ratio?
Case respond
Odds ratios are often used in case-control studies.
What is the SEM if the sample size is 12 and SD is 16?
3
SEM is calculated as SD divided by the square root of the sample size.
What is the variance if SD is 6?
36
Variance is the square of the standard deviation.
What is true about SEM?
What is the sensitivity and specificity calculation for LR?
1/2 = 0.5
This calculation is used in diagnostic testing.
What is the NNT if it is 144?
What does NNH indicate?
10 EER .5 CER .4 ABI 0.1
NNH is used to assess the safety of a treatment.
What is needed if a sample decreased from CAM 23 to 11 but is statistically non-significant?
Another study with a large sample, increase number of people until it becomes significant, clinically significant start treatment immediately
Larger samples may provide more reliable results.
What type of study explores the risk of schizophrenia and cannabis use?
Retrospective cohort study
This design is effective for examining past exposures and outcomes.
What is the purpose of qualitative studies?
Exploration
Qualitative research aims to understand experiences and perspectives.
What is qualitative to quantitative transformation?
Log transformation
This approach allows qualitative data to be analyzed quantitatively.
What are the quality reporting standards for systematic reviews?
Quorum, PRISMA
These guidelines enhance transparency in research reporting.
What does path analysis demonstrate?
Causation shown by: external validity, internal validity, p-value, analogy
This is used to assess relationships between variables.
What type of data is represented by dichotomous variables?
Marital status
Dichotomous data have two distinct categories.
What differentiates dichotomous data from other types?
Easier to represent, easier to interpret, have different ways of testing
This simplicity can be advantageous in analysis.
What types of data can be categorized?
Age, height, gender, weight
These are examples of continuous or categorical variables.
What statistical test is used for a 2x2 contingency table?
Chi-square test
This test assesses the association between two categorical variables.
What is an EMI case involving hyperactive ADHD?
Methylphenidate
This medication is commonly prescribed for ADHD.
What is another EMI case involving children?
What is an EMI case for a 13-year-old with mixed affective episodes?
Olanzapine 20mg, Fluoxetine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone, Na Li, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
This combination can be used to stabilize mood.
What is an EMI case for a pregnant woman in her first trimester with bipolar depression?
Quetiapine
Quetiapine may be considered for managing bipolar depression during pregnancy.
What is an EMI case for a bipolar man with mixed affective symptoms?
Olanzapine
This medication can help manage acute symptoms.
What is an EMI case involving visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s dementia?
Selegiline
This medication may be used to manage symptoms.
What is an EMI case with unexplained falls and dysarthria?
Fredrick ataxia
This condition can present with these neurological symptoms.
What does an EMI case of unconcern indicate inBinswanger dementia?
What cognitive test is used for a 70-year-old with dementia?
Cubes, pentagon
These tests help assess cognitive function.
What is the imaging finding in a patient with renal transplantation and memory loss?
Frontal lobe lesions, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, FTD
These findings suggest a neurodegenerative process.
What is an EMI case related to paradoxical injunction in family therapy?
What is an EMI case involving unspoken rules in structural family therapy?
What is an EMI case involving past experiences in psychodynamic therapy?
What ECG findings are associated with anorexia?
Hypokalemia, U wave, prolonged PR
These changes can indicate electrolyte imbalances.
What ECG changes are associated with clozapine use?
Saddle T inversion
Monitoring is essential due to potential cardiac effects.
What ECG changes are seen with Citalopram?
QTc prolongation
This can increase the risk of arrhythmias.
What is the ECG finding associated with Donepezil?
Sinus rhythm with decreased rate
This medication may affect heart rate.
What are the symptoms of low mood associated with endocrine disorders?
Obesity in face, neck, abdomen, upper back
These features can suggest conditions like Cushing’s syndrome.
What condition is indicated by red tongue and mouth ulcers in a patient on phenytoin?
Folate deficiency
This is a common side effect of certain anticonvulsants.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency?
Memory loss, tingling, numbness, tongue changes, low mood
These can indicate a deficiency in B vitamins.
What condition is indicated by dry skin and ocular cataracts in a 15-year-old with low mood?
Hypoparathyroidism
These symptoms are characteristic of endocrine disorders.
What is an EMI case involving learning disabilities and psychological symptoms?
Intellectual distortion, cognitive disintegration, psychosocial normalization
These terms describe complex psychological phenomena.
What is an EMI case involving a learning disabled patient discussing driving?
What type of statistical analysis is used for risk assessment?
Chi-square test
This test assesses the association between categorical variables.
What type of scale is used from 1 to 5 for severity assessment?
Ordinal scale
Ordinal scales rank data but do not measure the exact differences.
What is the type of study design used for case control outcomes?
Case-control study
This design compares outcomes based on prior exposure.
What type of study follows children of parents with ID in school performance?
Cohort study
This design tracks outcomes over time.
What type of study assesses the effectiveness of ECT?
RCT
Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for efficacy testing.
What is the significance of a p-value of 0.5?
Percentage of significance
This indicates the threshold for statistical significance.
What does it mean when the confidence interval for a difference between means becomes non-significant?
Zero one
This indicates no meaningful difference between the groups.
What type of chart best represents age group data?
Bar chart, pie chart
These charts effectively display categorical data.
What type of chart shows the relationship between cholesterol levels and other variables?
Scatter plot
Scatter plots visualize correlations between two continuous variables.
What type of graph presents three categories in four wards?
Frequency curve
This type of graph is useful for displaying distribution.
What is the validity of suicide prediction?
What type of testing is used for autism assessment?
Concurrent construct content
This approach ensures comprehensive evaluation.
