Reasons for intervention in Egypt 1882 Flashcards
When was the Suez Canal completed?
1869
Between 1863 and 1870, what had the foreign debt of Egypt risen to?
£3 million to £100 million
By which year was the khedive of Egypt effectively bankrupt?
1875-1876
What was the name given to the financial control put on Egypt by Britain and France?
Dual Control (France= Caisse de la Dette)
What were some of the policies implemented by Ismail Pasha (khedive of Egypt) under the influence of Dual Control?
Cutting the pay of the army; sales taxes on food and goods; reduced interest rate of Egypt debt (to 5%)
Who was Ismail Pasha’s son who became khedive in 1879?
Tewfik Pasha
When was Tewfik replaced as khedive?
26 June 1879
Who was Arabi Pasha?
Colonel Ahmed Urabi
What did Arabi Pasha refer to himself as being?
fellahin (ploughman)
When did Arabi Pasha lead a coup after the attempted dismissal of 2,500 officers?
1879
How much did the Nationalist government in 1879 borrow from the Rothschilds to avoid disputed cuts?
£400,000
What percentage of shipping through the Suez Canal was British?
80%
What percentage of shares did Disraeli purchase of the Suez Canal?
45%
By 1880, what percentage of Egypt’s exports were bought by Britain?
80%
By 1880, what percentage of Egypt’s imports were British?
44%
When was the American Civil War?
1861-1865
How much of Gladstone’s personal wealth was invested in Egyptian loans?
37%
When did the British and French expedition fleet anchor off Alexandria?
11 June (set off on 20 May 1882)
How many Europeans died as a result of the violence in Alexandria?
50 Europeans (250 Egyptians)
When was the Gambetta Note issued?
January 1882
What was the Gambetta note?
The maintenance of the khedive was crucial, and that military intervention was imminent to protect the khedive.
Why didn’t the French warhships bombard Alexandria in July 1882?
Actions of German Chancellor Bismarck, saying no change without permission of Great Powers
When was Leon Gambetta replaced by Charles de Freycinet?
30 January 1882
When did Arabi Pasha fortify Alexandria?
11 June 1882
When did British ships begin bombardment of Alexandria?
11 July 1882
When is Arabi Pasha defeated at Tel el-Kebir?
12 September 1882
How many British and Egyptian casualties at Tel el-Kebir?
57 British dead; 2000 Egyptian casualties
When was Tewfik restored as khedive and Arabi Pasha exiled to Ceylon?
3 December 1882
When did Sir Evelyn Baring return as consul general of Egypt (every advisor and the khedive reports to him)?
1883
What were the three interpretations of British occupation in Egypt?
The pursuit of an informal empire and formal when necessary; importance of bond-holders in London; social and economic tension in Egypt
