reasoning Flashcards
induction
goes from specific premises to general conclusion.
deductive reasoning
we determine whether a conclusion logically follows from statements called premises.
inductive reasoning
we draw conclusions from observations
Aristotle introduced the basic form of deductive reasoning called:
Syllogism.
A syllogism consists of
2 premises followed by a conclusion.
categorical syllogisms
premises and conclusion are statements that begin with All, No, or Some.
strength
probability that conclusion is true, given the premises are true.
syllogistic reasoning
“some businessmen are republicans.”
“some republicans are conservative.”
“Therefore, some businessmen are conservative.”
INVALID. Venn diagram example
conversion effects
“All poodles are animals.”
“All dogs are animals.”
“Therefore all poodles are dogs.”
All A are B, all B are A.
belief bias
the tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable.
mental model approach
specific situation represented in a persons mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning.
Mental logic
P or Q; therefore Q. Either you pass or fail the exam.
You don’t fail, so you pass.
Conditional syllogisms
Two premises and a conclusion like categorical syllogisms, but the first premise has the form “If…..then.”
ex: If I study, ill get a good grade.
I studied.
Therefore, Ill get a good grade.
modus ponens
Latin for roughly translated. The conclusion follows from the two premises
modus tollens
the way that denies by denying.
ex: If I study, ill get a good grade.
I got a good grade.
Therefore, I studied.
Wason four-card problem
Four cards are presented with a letter and number on either side. Participants are asked what cards do you need to turn over to test the following rule?
E K 4 7
If there is a vowel on one side, there is an even number on the other side.
Answer: Must flip over E to prove that there is an even number on the opposite side. Them must turn over 7 to prove that there is NOT a vowel on the opposite side.
falsification principle
To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.
permission schema
which states that if a person satisfies a specific condition, then he or she gets to carry out an action.
causality
if theres a drought, crops will die.”
Barry Schwartz (Paradox of Choice): suggests that
that technological, economic, and cultural changes have changed the choice making context.
We have more opportunities to be maximizers than ever
