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Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms > Realtionships > Flashcards

Realtionships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Selection of characteristics that aims successful reproduction

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2
Q

What is anisogamy?

A

The difference between male and female sex cells that come together to reproduce

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3
Q

What is an example of sexual selection?

A

Peacocks

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4
Q

What is inter-sexual selection?

A

Traits that increase attractiveness

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5
Q

Between which sexes does inter-sexual selection occur?

A

Males and females

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6
Q

What is intra-sexual selection?

A

Traits that will allow you to compete within your own sex

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7
Q

Which sexes doe intra-sexual selection occur between?

A

The same sex

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8
Q

Attraction-
What is self-disclosure?

A

Revealing personal information, romantic partners reveal more about themselves as their relationships develop.

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9
Q

Attraction- self disclosure-

A
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10
Q

Attraction- self disclosure-
What does self-disclosure create within a relationship?

A

Trust

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11
Q

Attraction- self disclosure-
What is reciprocal exchange?

A

One partner reveals something and then the other

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12
Q

Attraction- self disclosure-
What are the two dimentions of self disclosure?

A

Breadth and depth

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13
Q

Attraction- self disclosure-
What is depenetration?

A

Dissatisfied partners self-disclose less as they disengage from the relationship

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14
Q

Attraction- PA-
What is the matching hypothesis?

A

We look for partners who are similarly as attractive as us, and have similar personalities and intelligence levels.

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15
Q

Attraction- PA-
What is the halo effect?

A

Basically pretty privilege

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16
Q

Attraction- FT-
What is filter theory?

A

We apply a criteria that enables us to narrow down those that are available to choose the right person for us.

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17
Q

Attraction- FT-
What are the stages within filter theory?

A
  • social demography
  • similarity in attitudes
  • complimentary
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18
Q

Attraction- FT-
What is social demography?

A

Influences the chances of meeting our partner.

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19
Q

Attraction- FT-
What is homogamy?

A

We are more likely to enter a relationship with someone who is socially and culturally similar

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20
Q

Attraction- FT-
What is similarity in attitudes?

A

You and your partner have similarities, which are more important tint he start of the relationship. As sharing values increases effectiveness of communication and self-disclosure

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21
Q

Attraction- FT-
What is complementary?

A

Will often look for a partner who meets our needs. We may have skills our partner lacks and vies versa. Opposites actually attract in long term relationships. This positively effects relationships.

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22
Q

Theories- SET-
What is SET based on?

A

The economic principles of exchange, aiming to minimise loses and maximise rewards

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23
Q

Theories- SET-
What are three examples of rewards?

A

Companion, sex and praise

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24
Q

Theories- SET-
What are three examples of costs?

A

Stress, arguments and time

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25
Q

Theories- SET-
What is the minmax principle?

A

Based on how satisfied we are in the relationship, based on profit

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26
Q

Theories- SET-
Two ways to measure profit?

A

Comparison level, comparison level for alternatives

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27
Q

Theories- SET-
What is the comparison level? (As a way of measuring profit)

A
  • the rewards we believed we deserve to get.
  • this is decided by our experiences in our past relationships
  • can be influenced by social norms
  • effected by self esteem
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28
Q

Theories- SET-
What is comparison levels of alternatives? (As a easy to measure profit)

A
  • measure profit based on what alternative relationships offer,
  • “grass is greener…”
  • we assume new relationships would mean a higher R, lower C
  • only stay if profit is higher in current relationship
  • Duck- the CLalt will adapt on our relationship state
  • if costs outweigh the benefits the alternative will become more attractive
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29
Q

Theories- SET-
What are the four relationship stages?

A
  • sampling
  • bargaining
  • commitment
  • institutionalisation
30
Q

Theories- SET-
What is sampling?

A

Explores R and C, in a variety of relationships or observe others doing so, (not just in romantic)

31
Q

Theories- SET-
What is bargaining?

A

Negotiates relationships and agrees Ra and C, this is the start where partnered start to exchange

32
Q

Theories- SET-
What is commitment?

A

Couple settles in to relationship exchange of R and C, becomes predictable, stability increases, costs lessen

33
Q

Theories- SET-
What is institutionalisation?

A

Norms and expectations are finally established, settled down

34
Q

Theories- ET-
What is the role of equity?

A

Based on principles regarding economics, developed through criticism of SET

35
Q

Theories- ET-
What happens if one partner over benefits? And one under benefits?

A

They will fill guilty, they will grow resentful

36
Q

Theories- ET-
What id the difference between equity and equality?

A

Equality= R and C are the same for each person.
Equity= R and C are in an equal ratio for each partner.

37
Q

Theories- ET-
What are the consequences of inequity?

A

Strong correlation between inequity and dissatisfaction

38
Q

Theories- ET-
What is changes in perceived equity?

A
  • people put more into relationships than they receive at the start.
  • if this occurs for too long they will become dissatisfied
39
Q

Theories- ET-
What is dealing with inequity?

A
  • partners who under benefit are the ones who want to make the relationship equitable
  • the more unfair, the harder they try.
  • this leads to behavioural changes
40
Q

Theories- ET-
What is cognitive change?

A
  • review their perspective of rewards and costs in an attempt to restore equity.
  • may change things (like untidiness) too norm, not a cost to make the relationship more fair
41
Q

Theories- RSM-
What did SET not explain?

A

Why couples stayed together when C>R

42
Q

Theories- RSM-
What three factors are involved in commitment?

A

Satisfaction, comparison of alternatives, investment

43
Q

Theories- RSM-
What is satisfaction?

A
  • based on comparison level in SET
  • satisfaction is determined by comparing rewards and costs
  • if it is profitable, it is more satisfying
  • compare current R and C with our past experiences and social norms
44
Q

Theories- RSM-
What is comparison with alternatives?

A
  • we compare the rewards and costs of our current relationship to alternative relationships
  • we also assess whether being on our own is more appealing than being in a romantic relationship
45
Q

Theories- RSM-
What is investment?

A
  • CL and CLalt cannot fully explain commitment, not many leave relationship at first sign of R<C
  • investment = number of resources people will lose if they leave the relationship.
46
Q

Theories- RSM-
What are intrinsic investments?

A

Directly into relationships.
Tangible- money
Intangible- effort

47
Q

Theories- RSM-
What are extrinsic investments?

A

Acquired in the relationships.
Tangible- possessions
Intangible memories

48
Q

Theories- RSM-
What are maintenance mechanisms?

A
  • accommodation- promoting the relationship rather than keeping a tally.
  • willingness to sacrifice- putting partners interest first
  • forgive= forgiving mistakes they made
  • positive illusions- unrealistically positive about your partner
  • ridiculing alternatives - views potential alternatives in a negative light
49
Q

Theories- DPM-
What is the intra-psychic phase?

A
  • Regards cognitive processes within the individual, a partner admits to themselves that they are dissatisfied, considers why they are dissatisfied.
  • think privately or share with a close friend.
  • weigh up pros and cons, and compare with alternatives.
  • think about future plans.
  • the threshold is think things like ‘I cant do this anymore’.
50
Q

Theories- DPM-
What is the Dyadic phase?

A
  • Start to share their concerns with their partner.
  • includes anxiety, hostility, and lack of equity.
  • results in two outcomes: dissatisfied partner continues the breakdown of the relationship, or try to resolve the issue
  • within he first outcome and other threshold is reached, “i would be justified in withdrawing from this relationship”
51
Q

Theories- DPM-
What is the social phase?

A
  • Partner may involve friends and relatives, they may receive support from these people.
  • mutual friends would then be forced to pick a ‘side’. (“You were too good for hum anyway”)
  • Duck says it is more difficult to salvage problems once they get to this stage.
  • the threshold stated that they ‘mean it’
52
Q

Theories- DPM-
What is the Grave Dressing Phase?

A
  • both partners develop their own views about why the relationship broke down, they minimise their involvement.
  • want to still appear trustworthy, so will not completely remove themselves form the breakdown
  • the threshold includes ‘it’s time to start a new life’
53
Q

VR-
What are virtual relationships?

A

Where people are not physically present but communicate exclusively using online methods

54
Q

VR-
What are virtual relationships less effective?

A

They cannot see the face-to-face cues which are offered in a face-to-face relationship

55
Q

VR-
What are some examples of non verbal cues?

A

Boys language, and facial expressions

56
Q

VR-
Wha to s’more likely to be displayed in a face-to-face relationship?

A

Loss of sense of identity, things like aggression and bluntness.

57
Q

VR-
What is the hyperpersonal model?

A

An argument that virtual relationships can be more personal that’s face-to-face relationships, this is due to self disclosure occurring earlier within the relationship

58
Q

VR-
What makes the VR more intense and intimate?

A

Selective self-presentation= the sender has better control over wha they disclose, and the cues they exhibit. In online conversations they can ‘edit’ themselves in a more positive light.

Reinforcement= receiver of messages may give positive feedback, which reinforces self-presentation.

59
Q

VR-
What is hyperhonest?

A

Truthful editing of themselves

60
Q

VR-
What is hyperdishonest?

A

False editing by themselves

61
Q

VR-
What is the ‘stranger on the train’ phenomenon?

A

We are more likely to share personal information with a stranger because we are never likely to see them again

62
Q

VR-
What are gates in a relationship?

A

Obstacles that may stop a relationship forming, (this could include things such as appearance, mannerisms, social demographic, (such as age))

63
Q

VR-
How do VR benefit people who are more shy or unattractive?

A

Allows them an opportunity to form romantic relationships

64
Q

VR-
What is a drawback of the absence of gates?

A

When untrue identities are recognised, this would be a lack of trust when face-to-face meeting occur

65
Q

PR-
What does ‘para’ mean?

A

Resembling

66
Q

PR-
What are parasocial relationships?

A

One sided relationships which are usually with a celebrity.

67
Q

PR-
What are the three levels of parasocial relationships?

A
  • entertainment social= least intense, source of entertainment and gossip, most of us remain at his level.
  • intense personal= intermediate, have regular obsessive thoughts and take an interest in trivial aspects of their lives.
  • borderline pathological= strongest level, has fantasies about the celebrity they cannot control, have extreme behaviour, such as spending money, or completing illegal activities
68
Q

PR-
What is the absorption addictive model?

A

Linked the levels to suggest why people enter these relationships. Due to lack of fulfilment in their life, this allows them to find fulfilment in their lives, escape from reality, no rejection.

69
Q

PR-
What are the two components to the absorption additive model?

A

Absorption= focus that much on the celebrity, to gain fulfilment, their life becomes preoccupied. Identify with the celebrity as a result.
Addiction= fulfilment them becomes addictive, this leads them to ‘wanting more’, they then engage in more risky behaviour (stalking). Allowing them to get mentally and physically closer to them.

70
Q

PR-
What is attachment theory?

A

Desire to form PR in later life may be due to attachment issues during childhood.

71
Q

PR-
Which attachment type are most likely to energetically a PR?

A

Insecure-resistant

72
Q

PR-
Which are least likely to enter a parasocial relationship?

A

Insecure avoidant

Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms (4 decks)

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