Realists

Question 1

point?

Answer 1

explaining crime through a combination of biology and socialisation

law and order and harsh enforcement and penalties.

Question 2

evidence?

Answer 2

Herrnstein and Murray

crime is caused biologically by low intelligence amongst a new rabble

welfare state destroyed the nuclear family and created lone mother families with their children turning to criminal deviance

boys lack paternal discipline and appropriate male role models, committing criminal deviance to gain wealth and status.

Question 3

analysis?

Answer 3

Kelling and Wilson

broken windows theory:
minor crimes and deviance can start a self-fulfilling cycle which leads to serious crime

Question 4

point? 2

Answer 4

marginalisation of subcultures due to relative deprivation

policies to protect working-class victims of crime

Question 5

evidence? 2

Answer 5

Lea and Young

oppressed people form criminal groups with norms and values distinct from the wider society

combination of marginalisation, subcultures, and relative deprivation therefore forces people into law-breaking behaviour.

Question 6

analysis? 2

Answer 6

community policing is necessary to rebuild trust with working-class communities who are the primary victims of crime

Question 7

point? 3

Answer 7

reported levels of criminal activity are accurate

Question 8

evidence? 3

Answer 8

Tonry

rates for violent and property crimes rose in all wealthy Western countries increased from the 1960s to the 1990s

notes a major crime drop from the 1980s, with violent crime rates in New York falling by 75%.

Question 9

analysis? 3

Answer 9

Wilson

official crime statistics are broadly valid and give an accurate indication of the levels of law-breaking behaviour in societies