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Reagents & Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene > Alkane

A

H2 (g)
150 degrees
5 atmospheres
Ni Catalyst

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2
Q

Alkene > Halogenoalkane

A

HBr (aq)

Room Temp

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3
Q

Alkene > Alcohol

A

Water

Conc. H2SO4

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4
Q

Alkane > Halogenoalkane

A

Br2

Sunlight or UV

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5
Q

Halogenoalkane > Primary Alcohol

A

NaOH (aq)

Heat Under Reflux

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6
Q

Alcohol > Alkene

A

Al2O3 (s)

300 degrees

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7
Q

Alcohol > Halogenoalkane

A

NaBr (s)
Conc. H2SO4
Heat Under Reflux

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8
Q

Alcohol > Ether (R-O-R)

A

R-OH

Moderately Concentrated H2SO4

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9
Q

Alcohol > Aldehyde (R-CHO)

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate

Distil

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10
Q

Alcohol > Ketone (R-CO-R)

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate

Heat Under Reflux

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11
Q

Ketone > Alcohol

A

NaBH4 (aq)

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12
Q

Halogenoalkane > Secondary Alcohol

A

NaOH (aq)

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13
Q

Halogenoalkane > Nitrile

R-CH2-CN

A

NaCN in aqueous ethanol solution

Heat Under Reflux

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14
Q

Nitrile (R-CH2-CN) > Carboxylic Acid

A

Dilute HCl

Heat Under Reflux

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15
Q

Aldehyde > Alcohol

A

NaBH4 (aq)

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16
Q

Aldehyde > Carboxylic Acid

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate

Heat Under Reflux

17
Q

Carboxylic Acid (or Alcohol) > Ester

A

R-OH
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Heat Under Reflux

18
Q

Breaking an Ester

A

Moderately Concentrated HCl

Heat Under Reflux

19
Q

Acyl Chloride > Ester

A

R-OH

Room Temp

20
Q

Acyl Chloride > Primary Amide (R-CONH2)

A

Conc. NH3

Room Temperature

21
Q

Acyl Chloride > Secondary Amide (R-CONH-R)

A

R-NH2

Room Temp

22
Q

Carboxylic Acid > Acyl Chloride

A

SCl2O

Heat Under Reflux

23
Q

Breaking an Amide (protein)

A

Moderately Concentrated HCl

Heat under reflux

24
Q

Bromination of Benzene

A

Benzene + Br2 –> Bromobenzene + HBr

FeBr3 catalyst

25
Q

Chlorination of Benzene

A

Benzene + Cl2 —> Chlorobenzene + HCl (misty fumes)

AlCl3 catalyst

26
Q

Nitration of Benzene

A
  • Step 1: conc HNO3 + conc 2H2SO4 —> NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H30+
  • Step 2: Benzene + NO2+ —> Nitrobenzene + H+

(Below 55 degrees)

27
Q

Sulfonation of Benzene

A

Benzene + conc H2SO4 —> Benzene Sulfonic acid (SO3H)+ HSO4- + H2O

Heat Under Reflux for Hours

28
Q

Alkylation of Benzene

A

Benzene + Chloroalkane —> Alkylbenzene + H+

AlCl3 catalyst

Heat Under Reflux

29
Q

Acylation of Benzene

A

Benzene + AcylChloride —> Phenylmethanal + HCl

AlCl3 catalyst

Heat Under Reflux

30
Q

Making an Azo-Dye

A

•Making salt:
Phenylamine + HCl/NaNO3 —> Benzenediazonium

•Making Dye:
Benzenediazonium + Phenol + NaOH —> Azo-Dye + H2O + NaCl
Under 5 degrees

Chemistry (4 decks)

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