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Immunohematology (Blood Banking) (Laboratory) > Reagents and Methods for Testing in the Blood Bank (P) > Flashcards

Reagents and Methods for Testing in the Blood Bank (P) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic grps of blood bank rgnts?

A

1) Rgnts that contain RBCs w/ sp Ag
2) Antiglobulins
3) Potentiators

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2
Q

What are the fxns of antiglobulins?

A

These are rgnts that detect IgG and complement on RBCs

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3
Q

What are the fxns of potentiators?

A

1) These are rgnts that enhance Ab detection

2) Primarily, these rgnts are used to test pts and donors sxs before pt is transfused

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4
Q

What are the tests done on RBCs?

A

1) ABO / Rhesus typing

2) Direct Coombs’ test

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5
Q

What are the tests done on serum?

A

1) Ab screening
2) Ab identification
3) Compatibility testing

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6
Q

Where are ABO anti-sera used?

A

These are used in ABO typing

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7
Q

What is the fxn of Anti-A and Anti-B?

A

These are used to identify a persons blood type

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8
Q

What is the principle / mechanism done by anti-sera?

A

These anti-sera are directed towards sp Ag on the surface of RBCs. Agglutination occurs when Anti-A is added to cells of a person w/c has A Ag, hence, that person is blood type A.

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9
Q

What is forward typing?

A

It is the addition of commercial antisera to cells

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10
Q

Rh anti-sera is also called as what?

A

Anti-D

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11
Q

Rhesus blood grp system consists of many diff what?

A

Many diff Ags

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12
Q

Among the diff Ags present in the Rhesus blood grp system, what Ag is the most significant?

A

D Ag

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13
Q

What are the purposes (or actions) of D Ag?

A

It is able to cause:

1) Serious hemolytic rxn
2) Hemolytic Disease of Fetus and Newborn (HDNB / HDN) (HDFN)

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14
Q

What is the requirement when doing ABO typing?

A

The blood should also be typed for the D Ag (Rhesus type)

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15
Q

Where are rgnt cells used?

A

In reverse typing

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16
Q

Rgnt RBCs are used as part of what?

A

These cells are used as a part of ABO typing procedure

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17
Q

What is the principle or mechanism of reverse typing?

A

Rgnt cells are tested w/ pt’s serum to detect the presence of Abs w/c the Ag (from the pt’s blood type) lack

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18
Q

What is the purpose of reverse typing?

A

It is used as confirmation for the forward typing procedure

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19
Q

True or False

Both forward and reverse typing are done concurrently

A

True

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20
Q

What is the meaning of AHG?

A

Anti- human globulin

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21
Q

What is AHG?

A

It’s an antisera that contains Abs directed against human globulins

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22
Q

What are the exs of human globulins that are directed upon by AHG?

A

1) IgG

2) Complement

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23
Q

What are the 2 basic categories of AHG?

A

1) Monospecific

2) Polyspecific

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24
Q

What are fxns of AHG?

A

It is used in many testing procedures such as:

1) Cross matching
2) Blood typing
3) Autoimmune diseases testing

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25
Q

What is the fxn of polyspecific AHG?

A

It is used in direct antiglobulin testing to test for the attachment of IgG / complement on the surface of RBCs

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26
Q

What are the components of polyspecific AHG?

A

1) Anti-IgG

2) Anti-C3

27
Q

What is the fxn of monospecific antisera?

A

To differentiate bet the IgG and C3 coated on RBCs when direct antiglobulin test is (+)

28
Q

Coombs’ control cells are also referred to as what?

A

Check cells (cc)

29
Q

What are the fxns of cc?

A

1) This is a rgnt used by the blood bank as a control system when the AHG is (-)
2) It converts (-) result into (+) result
3) These basically checks to ensure the procedure was done correctly

30
Q

What are cc?

A

These are commercially preped grp O (+) human RBCs coated w/ IgG Abs

31
Q

*What is the process (or steps) in relation to the utilization of cc?

A

1) Add Coombs’ control cells to any (-) AHG test
2) Centrifuge
3) Examine for agglutination

32
Q

What is the result if after addition of cc, the rxn does not turn into (+)?

A

The test test is considered invalid

33
Q

What are the causes of invalid test because the rxn after addition of cc, did not turn (+)?

A

Either:

1) No AHG was added
2) The cells were inadequately washed
3) The AHG is expired

34
Q

What are the fxns of screening cells?

A

1) These are used to detect Abs rather than ABO Abs in a person’s serum
2) These are used to detect Abs that might have been produced as a result of previous transfusion or pregnancy

35
Q

What type of screening cells are used?

A

Grp O cells

36
Q

Why are grp O cells used?

A

Because they lack any ABO Ag on their surface. Therefore, will not react w/ A and B Abs

37
Q

What is the characteristic of grp O cells?

A

They come in sets of 2 - 3 vials

38
Q

Each vial (present in grp O cells) can be from a what?

A

Single donor or pooled donors

39
Q

What is the fxn of the vial that came from single donors?

A

They are used for persons who are about to receive transfusion

40
Q

What is the fxn of the vial that came from pooled donors?

A

They can be used for donor testing

41
Q

What is the characteristic of each vial (for grp O cells)?

A

Each set of vial comes w/ sheets of papers called anti-gram

42
Q

What is the purpose of anti-gram?

A

These shows the type of Ag present on each screening cells

43
Q

Panel cells are same w/ what cells?

A

They are same w/ screening cells

44
Q

Even though that panel cells and screening cells are the same, there is still a difference present, what is this difference?

A

Screening cells come in vials of more than 10

45
Q

What is the fxn of panel cells?

A

These are used for identifying Abs in Ab panel procedure

46
Q

What is the component of each lot of panel cells?

A

Each lot of panel cells also has an anti-gram w/ antigenic profiles of each vial

47
Q

What is the fxn of potentiators?

A

These assists in the attachment of an Ab to the sp Ag on the RC

48
Q

What are the exs of potentiators?

A

1) Bovine albumin
2) Low-ionic strength saline
3) Polyethylene glycol
4) Enzymes

49
Q

What is the fxn of bovine albumin?

A

It is used during incubation

50
Q

What is the characteristic of low-ionic strength saline?

A

It is what commercial test cells are in

51
Q

What is the fxn of polyethylene glycol?

A

It concentrates Ab

52
Q

What are the exs of enzymes that acts as potentiators?

A

1) Ficin

2) Papain

53
Q

What is the fxn of enzymes (that act as potentiators)?

A

These reduces (-) charge

54
Q

What are the Abs that are enhanced by enzymes (w/c acts as potentiators)?

A

1) Rh

2) Lewis

55
Q

What Abs are destroyed by enzymes (w/c acts as potentiators)?

A

1) Duffy
2) M
3) N
4) S

56
Q

What are lectins?

A

These are seed extracts that have Ab specificity

57
Q

What is the characteristic of lectins?

A

They do not contain Abs, but instead they contain proteins that react similarly to Abs

58
Q

What is the fxn of lectins (in relation for them to not contain Abs, but instead they contain proteins w/c react similarly to Abs)?

A

Hence, they are used to identify certain blood grp Ags when they bind to CHO determinants of the Ag resulting in agglutination

59
Q

What are the exs of lectins?

A

1) Dolichos biflorus
2) Ulex europeans
3) Vicia graminea
4) Iberis amara

60
Q

What is the fxn of Dolichos biflorus?

A

It binds A1 Ag

61
Q

What is the fxn of Ulex europeans?

A

It binds H Ag

62
Q

What is the fxn of Vicia graminea?

A

It binds N Ag

63
Q

What is the fxn of Iberis amara?

A

It binds M Ag

Immunohematology (Blood Banking) (Laboratory) (3 decks)

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