Reagents and Conditions Flashcards
Alkane to CO2, H2O + energy
O2, ignition, RTP
Alkane to Halogenoalkane
X2, UV light
Alkene to Halogenoalkane
HX(g) or conc., RTP
Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane
X2, RTP
Alkene to Alkane
H2, Nickel catalyst, 150°C
Alkene to Diol
KMnO4, acidic/alkaline, RTP
Alkene to Polymer
Organic peroxide initiator, high temp. and pressure
Alkene to Hydroxyhalide
Br2(aq), RTP
Alkene to Alcohol
Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 170° C
Halogenoalkane to Alkene
KOH/NaOH, ethanol solution, HUR
Halogenoalkane to Alcohol
KOH/NaOH, HUR
Halogenoalkane to Amine
conc. NH3, ethanol, heat in a sealed tube
Halogenoalkane to Nitrile
KCN, ethanol, HUR
Alcohol to Halogenoalkane
PCl5/PBr3/red phosphorus+iodine (makes PI3 in situ), RTP
Alcohol to Ketone
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, HUR
Alcohol to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, distill off as formed
Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, HUR
Alcohol to Ester
Carboxylic acid, conc. H2SO4, HUR
Aldehyde to Alcohol
LiAlH4, dry ether, HUR
Aldehyde/Ketone to Iodoform (Carbonyl test)
I2, NaOH, warm
Aldehyde to Bright Orange Solid (Carbonyl test)
Brady’s/2,4-DNP, RTP/warm
Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile
KCN, H2SO4(aq), RTP
Aldehyde to Brick red precipitate (Aldehyde test)
Fehling’s/Benedict’s solution, warm
Aldehyde to Silver mirror (Aldehyde test)
Tollen’s reagent (AgNO3+NH3), warm
Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, HUR
Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol
LiAlH4, dry ether, HUR
a. Carboxylic Acid to Sodium Carboxylate Salt (test for Carboxylic acid)
Na2CO3, RTP
b. Carboxylic Acid to Sodium Carboxylate Salt (test for Carboxylic acid)
NaHCO3, RTP
Carboxylic acid to Acyl Chloride
PCl5, RTP
Ester to Other Ester
R’‘OH/R’COOH
Carboxylic Acid to Ester
Alcohol, conc. H2SO4 catalyst, HUR/warm
Ester to Sodium Carboxylate Salt
NaOH(aq), HUR
Ester to Alcohol
HCl(aq)/NaOH(aq), HUR
Acyl Chloride to Ester
R’ROH, RTP
Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid
H2O, RTP
Acyl Chloride to 1° Amide
NH3(aq), RTP
Acyl Chloride to 2° Amide
Amine, RTP
Acyl Chloride to 3° Amide
2° Amine, RTP
1° Amide to Carboxylic Acid
HCl(aq), HUR
Amine to 2° or 3° Amide
Acyl Chloride, RTP
Amine to Copper Complex ion
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq), RTP
Amine to Salts
H2O or HCl(aq), RTP
Amine to 2°, 3°, 4° Amine
R-Cl, ethanol, heat in a sealed tube
Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid
HCl(aq), HUR
Nitrile to Amine
LiAlH4, dry ether, HUR
Dioic Acid/Diacylchloride to Polyamide
Diamine
Dioic Acid/Diacylchloride to Polyester
Diol
Halogenoalkane to Grignard Reagent
Mg, dry ether, HUR
Grignard Reagent to 1° Alcohol
Methanal, HCl(aq)
Grignard Reagent to 2° Alcohol
Other aldehydes, HCl(aq)
Grignard Reagent to 3° Alcohol
CO2(s), HCl(aq)
Ester to Carboxylic Acid
HCl(aq), HUR
Alcohol to Alkene
H3PO4 reflux 180°C