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A HTG 100 - American Heritage > Readings > Flashcards

Readings Flashcards

1
Q

Grant Madsen: “How Pragmatists Explain Society”

A

Explanation of pragmatism. Formation of beliefs and habits through the use of analogy. Romer’s Rule–fish grew legs in order to stay fish.

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2
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 1 (pgs 1-7)

A

Sovereignty (who has the final say), the Human Predicament, the Good Society (consistent virtuous outcomes), Political Legitimacy (divine right of kings, covenant communities), nature of freedom (participation in government, exercising of rights, etc.)

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3
Q

Why China and India face a Marriage Crisis

A

Application of pragmatism/Romer’s Rule. What are the unintended consequences of our actions, and how do we deal with them?

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4
Q

King James VI: “The Trew Law of Free Monarchies”

A

Divine right of rule, paternal protection, no grounds to rebel or revolt against the king. Everything belongs to the king.

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5
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 2

A

Colonization of the Americas by covenant and corporate communities. Accidental creation of democracy. Puritans set themselves up as the ultimate example of godliness and virtue (city upon a hill), different kinds of freedom (civic and natural)

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6
Q

John Winthrop: “A Model of Christian Charity”

A

Inequality exists to facilitate God’s love to his people. When we all work together, God’s purpose is advanced. Create the City Upon a Hill, purify the Church of England.

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7
Q

James Harrington: “The Commonwealth of Oceana”

A

Institutional design. People are inherently short-sighted and selfish, and all forms of government will devolve into its evil twin, so we set up a government that can achieve virtue regardless of who or what is in charge. Girls and the cake. Perfect blending and balance of the one/few/many. Example of republicanism.

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8
Q

John Locke: “Second Treatise of Government”

A

School of thought from the Bloodless/Glorious Revolution in England. State of nature. Natural Rights (life, liberty, property), Natural Laws (don’t kill, steal, or harm yourself or others). Every man is ruler in his own sphere. Only when a group decides they want a better deal and enters a contract to create a society is a government created. Tacit consent”Body for Work” Example of liberalism

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9
Q

Albert Hirshman: “The Passions and the Interests”

A

Historical transition from avarice to interest. Instead of suppressing all forms of vice (passions like lust, ambition, and avarice) to make way for virtues, we harness our desire for more stuff and play nicely with each other. Age of the entrepreneur. Treating passions like a Madisonian faction, applying institutional design to a psychological situation.

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10
Q

Robin Blackburn: “The Making of New World Slavery

A

Economic exploitation. Early American colonists needed a way to efficiently maintain their plantations. Couldn’t use themselves (below their station), natives (couldn’t communicate and ran away too easily), indentured servants (short term, blend in with other land owners, could demand fair treatment) or inmates/orphans (too dangerous and unreliable). Chose Africans (cheap, didn’t know land, couldn’t blend in, long term investment). Created color-based racism as a means of justification after the fact.

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11
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Locke 2.0. Long train of abuses. Unfair taxation, removal of colonial legislative bodies, insane trade restrictions, etc. Because they have no legistlative bodies, colonists have been returned to state of nature, and are going to create their own government (USA). Written by Jefferson. Very liberal document

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12
Q

Fox & Pop: pages 34-42

A

Rule of Law. Does a law protect freedom?
Generality - laws have to apply to everyone, not just a specific group of people
Prospectivity - laws cannot act retrospectively. Can only apply from that point forward.
Publicity - laws have to be available to the public, and you have to know there will be a punishment if broken.
Consent - laws have to be generally acceptable to those who have to live by them. Voting
Due Process - everyone is equal under the law. Protection and prosecution must be equal for everyone.

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13
Q

Fox and Pope: pages 30-34

A

John Locke. Series of bloody revolutions/civil wars in England that eventually culminated in the Glorious Revolution–won with politics, not infighting. Writing of the Second Treatise. Saw US as example of the state of nature. Death of the divine right of kings .

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14
Q

Fox and Pope: Chapter 5

A

Story of the American Revolution

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15
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 6

A

Constitutional Convention

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16
Q

Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations”

A

market economy. invisible hand. division of labor. supply and demand. I make what you need, you make what I need, we swap and play nicely. The only people with enough time for government tasks are the ones most disinclined to care about the wellbeing of others, so they shouldn’t be allowed to regulate the economy. Just let it play out nicely. Example of economic liberalism.

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17
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 4

A

Adam Smith cliff notes. Colonists were motivated by economic self-interest and used British models to create their own balance economy. Wanted to stamp out mercantilism

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18
Q

Jack Rakove: Original Meanings

A

Madison’s constitution. Story of the Constitutional Convention. Wanted a bicameral legislature, representation by population, and national veto of state laws. Got most of it, not the veto. Constitutional Madison, example of republicanism.

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19
Q

Federalist No 10

A

Controlling of factions. Extended government allows for all the different factions to never get large enough for one to get out of hand. Let them balance each other out. This means wide-spread federal government.

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20
Q

Federalist No 51

A

Checks and balances between state and national governments.

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21
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 7

A

Ratification of Constitution and Bill of Rights, judicial review.

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22
Q

The Constitution

A 
Example of republicanism (institutional design) and liberalism (utilizes a vote). Enumerates powers of federal government and details organiszation. 
L(egislative)
E(xecutive)
J(udicial)
S(tates, power of)
A(mendments, process of)
S(upremacy, feds are in charge)
R(atification, process of)
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23
Q

The Bill of Rights

A

Redundancy clause. States specifically what the rights o the people and states are. MAdison thought it was unnesary, because all non-specified powers belonged to states anyway, feds couldn’t do anything without being expressly told. Did it to convince the states to ratify the constitution.
1- freedom of expression (speech, press, assembly, religion, petition)
2 - right to bear arms/form a militia
3 - no quartering troops
4 - warrant, probable cause
5 - due process, double jeopardy
6 - right to an attorney
7 - trial by jury
8 - no excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment
9 - not all rights listed
10 - anything not listed given back

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24
Q

Dallin H. Oaks: “The Divinely Inspired Constitution”

A

3/5ths clause used as a delaying tactic. Not inspired of God.

25
Q

John Adams: “Defense of the Constitutions of Covernment of the United Staes of America”

A

?

26
Q

John Adams: Letter to James Sullivan

A

Voting rights. Only individuals capable of independent political thought (white male landowners that answered to themselves and not to a boss) should be allowed to vote, otherwise, people would vote for whoever they were told to.

27
Q

John Adams: Letter to John Taylor

A

Natural aristocracy. Some people ar naturally more intellignet or more capable (or both), and so we should put them in charge. We need to have some kind of check in place, though, because without it it will just turn into Survival of the Fittest. So we have teh public vote every so often, and we have a lower hous that can make more grounded decisions. The one/few/many. Example of republicanism.

28
Q

SCOTUS: Marbury v. Madison

A

Supreme Court case establishing judicial review. During switch from Adams to Jefferson, a bunch of judges were about to be appointed from Adams’ political party. Madison, Jefferson’s SoS, decided not to deliver the appointment letters because it would give the opposing party too much power. Marbury, expecting a letter, sued Madison for withholding the letters, but the Supreme Court said that the law allowing them to appeal straight to the Supreme Court was unconstitutional and they should go to a lower court.

29
Q

Joyce Appleby: “Capitalism and a New Social Order”

A

Adams v Jefferson, England v France. Each become what the other most feared. Jefferson catered to mob rule (endorsed French Revolution), and Adams tried to silence the voice of the people (Alien and Sedition Acts). Republicanism v liberalism

30
Q

Thomas Jefferson: “Letter to William Short”

A

Endorsement of the French Revolution. What should it matter if things get a little crazy. The tree of liberty needs to be watered with the blood of martyrs.

31
Q

Joesph Schumpeter: “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy”

A

Creative destruction. Economic and philosophical change. Industrial revolution irreversibly changes the economy and the way of life, Political creative destruction allows government policies to change and grow. Romer’s rule–change to stay the same.

32
Q

Letter to James Madison/Letter to Thomas Jefferson

A

Should we rewrite the constitution every generation (19 years)? Should debts die with their debtors? Is tacit consent a thing? (J: y/y/n, M: n/n/y)

33
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 8

A

Election of 1800 (Adams v Jefferson), the arrival of the two-party system. Jefferson ran on a platform of Lockean liberty and agrarian (farmer) ideals, and “won” the 19th century. A lot of unresolved constitutional issue resurfaced during this election.

34
Q

Grant Madsen: “Two Kinds of Liberty”

A

Cliff notes of Isaiah Berlin’s “two concepts of liberty” speech. Positive and negative liberty. Negative: don’t step on my rights, I won’t step on yours. Free to do what you want as long as no one is harmed. Positive: white handbook. a series of rules designed to steer/coerce you in the direction of Best Possible Human.

35
Q

SCOTUS: Dred Scott v Sandford

A

Attempt by federal government to permanently end the question of slavery by closing all the loopholes. Super, super racist. Once a slave, always a slave. No such thing as racial rights, slaves are not citizens. States can do whatever they want regarding slavery.

36
Q

Republican Party Platform of 1860

A

Abolition of slavery
Increase/improvement of infrastructure (interstate roads, etc)
Homesteading (Lockean ideal of mixing land with labor)

37
Q

Abraham Lincoln: “First Inaugural”

A

Contradicts South Carolina’s claim to secession. Southern rights have not ben abused, so you can’t break the contract by walking away. You are undermining democracy and violating the social contract. Transition from status (you are what you were born as) to contract (you are what you agre to be)

38
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 9

A

Age of “Deep Change” (creative destruction), population growth , health discoveries, immigration, westward expansion, economic growth, increase in crime rates, democratic involvement, political movements, etc.

39
Q

Abraham Lincoln: “Gettysburg Address”

A

Repeat of First Inaugural

40
Q

Fox & Pope Chapter 11

A

Resolution of leftover constitutional questions. What exactly did we agree to, and how do slaves fit in here? Civil War answered: Federal Government is the ultimate power. Slaves are freed people, not property, and are considered equal under the law.

41
Q

William Blackstone: “From Commentaries on the Laws of England”

A

?

42
Q

Frederick Douglass: “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?”

A

White hypocrisy. Slavery has robbed black people of their humanity and of all their natural rights. If the Revolutionary War was about freedom, why are you still practicing slavery?

43
Q

SCOTUS: Lochner v. New York

A

Any law trying to limit how many hours a man can work is unconstitutional because it takes away his right to use his body (his property) for whatever he wants. In terms of Lochner (a baker), there was no difference in product made, so no harm done to anyone else, and so no grounds for government regulation.

44
Q

The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology: “Divisions of Household Labor”

A

Balance of work/home around industrial revolution. Pre-IR, everyone worked in or around the house, men harvesting raw materials and women refining them. Post-IR, men and single women wnt to factory or white-collar jobs, and married women were responsible for the moral instruction or refinement of the home.

45
Q

Amendments 13-15 of the Constitution

A

The Civil War Amendments: “Free Citizens Vote”

13 - Abolition of Slavery
14 - All are citizens, and will be protected by due process
15 - All male citizens can vote

46
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 12 (pg 208-223)

A

Political corruption at the turn of the century. Robber barons, Upper 10, working class individuals. Rise of the Progressive movement as a way to use public power to check private power. Advent of the Great Depression.

47
Q

Michael McGerr: “A Fierce Discontent”

A

Rise of Progressivism and 1st wave feminism. Evils of individualism. Transition to hardcore positive liberty (Best Possible Human=middle class white female). Pre-progressive middle class known as “Victorians”

48
Q

Woodrow Wilson: “Fourteen Points Speech”

A

Progressivist ideals applied to foreign policy. Wilsonianism: Applying positive liberty now in order create space for negative liberty later. 3 components: self-determination (democracy), free trade (end of colonialism), and League of Nations. Didn’t work too well because US was not yet powerful enough to call the shots. And none of the Europeans would give any ground.

49
Q

“The Atlantic Charter”

A

Fourteen Points, version 2.0. Charter laid out after WWII when American had a lot more power and could convince everyone to play along. It ensured that relief efforts were actually followed through with and that most nations of the world agreed to play nicely with each other (for the most part).

50
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 13

A

Wars of the 20th Century (WWI, WWII, Cold War, Korea, Vietnam, Gulf War, War on Terror, etc) and foreign policy (we are playground police, making sure everyone plays nicely. Still very positive liberty)

51
Q

Fox & Pope: Chapter 12 (pg 223-235)

A

Damage caused by the Great Depression, FDR’s New Deal.
R(elief) - unemployment rates
R(eform) - government reforms
R(ecovery) - failed. WWII bailed them out

52
Q

Congressional Digest: “Full Employment Proposals”

A

Government involvement in employment plans

53
Q

SCOTUS: Brown v Board of Education

A

Beginning of identity politics. overruling of the “Plessy v Ferguson” decision that established “separate but equal” by showing that separate environment harmed the self-esteem and identity of African American children. Used the 14th amendment (equal protection under the law)

54
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr.: “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

A

Letter to religious leaders urging/chastising them for not speaking/acting out against the unjust laws. Urges for nonviolent direct action (civil disobedience). Collect the facts, negotiate with opponent, self-purification, direct action (not just talking), out in the open where everyone can see. Followup to the Declaration of Independence. Moral obligation to rebel against long train of abuses. Example of racial liberalism.

55
Q

Walter Susman: “Culture and Commitment”

A

Consumer culture. We are no longer defined by producing something, but by what we consume. The “American right to choose”–what color of toaster are we going to buy? What model of car? What music do we listen to? What does that say about our identity?

56
Q

SDS: “Port Huron Statement”

A

Manifesto of the student movement. Young adults not content with the life that their parents said they were supposed to enjoy. Saw lots of problems with racism and the Cold War. Wanted to be their authentic self–if you can act it out, it’s real! Bypassed the government and went straight to the people.

57
Q

“Redstockings Manifesto”

A

Manifesto of second-wave feminism. Women are oppressed by ALL men, and are victimized by male privilege. Wanted to band together as women and be protected by the law–the personal is political.

58
Q

SCOTUS: “Roe v. Wade”

A

Court case analyzing anti-abortion laws. Laws declared unconstitutional on the grounds that a woman has the right to enter into an agreement with a health-care professional (create a contract) and the government has no right to interfere. Actually, the government has to protect the right to make contracts. A woman has the right to do what she wants with her body–“A Body for Pleasure”

59
Q

Pew Center - “Millenials in Adulthood

A

What does our generation have to say about freedom?

A HTG 100 - American Heritage (2 decks)

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