Readings

Question 1

Kushlev et al. (2019)

Answer 1

Smartphones subtly undermine the emotional benefits of face-to-face interactions by causing distractions and reducing casual social interactions, thus diminishing overall well-being.

Question 2

Klatzky & Satyanarayanan (2023)

Answer 2

Wearable Cognitive Assistants improve task performance by providing real-time guidance, but response latency and cognitive load must be managed for optimal effectiveness.

Question 3

Ancis (2020)

Answer 3

Cyberpsychology explores how technology affects human behavior, covering online behavior, social media, gaming, telepsychology, and virtual reality, with significant focus on ethics and clinical applications.

Question 4

Boucher et al. (2021)

Answer 4

AI chatbots in digital mental health interventions can enhance diagnostics and symptom management, improve engagement, and potentially improve mental health outcomes, though more rigorous research is needed to confirm their effectiveness and address ethical concerns.

Question 5

Kim & Duhachek (2020)

Answer 5

Artificial agents are more persuasive with low-construal messages due to their perceived lack of autonomous goals, but learning capabilities can make high-construal messages more effective.

Question 6

Vanman & Kappas (2019)

Answer 6

Social robots, designed to interact with humans, are perceived both positively and negatively. People tend to categorize these robots as outgroup members, which can lead to both empathy and threat perceptions. As robots become more human-like, they may challenge human distinctiveness and elicit mixed reactions of empathy and unease.

Question 7

Wykowska (2021)

Answer 7

Robots help understand human cognition by providing higher ecological validity and better experimental control, replicating mechanisms like joint attention and sense of agency in naturalistic settings.

Question 8

Koterba et al. (2021)

Answer 8

Grandiose and exhibitionistic narcissism correlate with higher selfie-taking rates, especially solo selfies. Women take more selfies with others than men, and narcissistic motives are common for posting selfies.

Question 9

Nitschinsk et al. (2023)

Answer 9

People seek online anonymity to avoid social judgment, protect privacy, and engage in uninhibited behavior, enabling freer self-expression without fear of repercussions.

Question 10

Konings et al. (2023)

Answer 10

Being ghosted on mobile dating apps can decrease self-esteem through disillusionment with one’s romantic appeal, especially when perceived as unexpected and negative.

Question 11

Cummings et al. (2023)

Answer 11

Psychological traits like immersive tendencies, absorption, and sensation seeking significantly predict the adoption and sustained use of VR technology, with belief in science also influencing usage patterns.

Question 12

Lee et al. (2021)

Answer 12

Violent video games can lower aggression among heavy players (catharsis hypothesis) or increase it (stimulation hypothesis) depending on the statistical model used, highlighting the model’s importance.

Question 13

Giardina et al. (2021)

Answer 13

Socially meaningful online gaming can reduce emotional distress during COVID-19 self-isolation, while problematic gaming may increase it, highlighting the importance of gaming patterns on mental health.

Question 14

Nieweglowska et al. (2023)

Answer 14

Deepfakes exploit people’s tendencies to reinforce their own beliefs and social identity, leading to radicalization. Despite their believability, people share deepfakes more for social and ideological reinforcement than for factual accuracy.

Question 15

Lewandowsky et al. (2017)

Answer 15

It highlights that misinformation can persist even after correction and emphasizes the need for solutions that incorporate political, technological, and societal contexts. The authors propose “technocognition,” a multidisciplinary approach that uses cognitive science to design better information architectures, aiming to counter the spread of misinformation and its societal impacts.

Question 16

Shariff et al. (2021)

Answer 16

The privacy paradox arises from an evolutionary mismatch; digital environments lack cues to trigger evolved privacy intuitions, causing a gap between privacy concerns and behaviors.

Question 17

Pan et al. (2020)

Answer 17

The study noted that GIA prevalence increased over time and varied significantly with different assessment tools, while IGD prevalence was consistent across different regions and tools.

Question 18

Fortuna (2023)

Answer 18

There is currently a bias towards negative literature in cyberpsychology

Question 19

Ferrari et al. (2016)

Answer 19

High humanoid robots threatens human’s unique identity, supporting the distinctiveness hypothesis and extends the uncanny valley theory. Appearance drove these fears rather than attribution of mind or human nature.

Question 20

Rosenthal-von der Pütten et al. (2013)

Answer 20

Media equation theory - humans exhibit strong emotions towards robots. Torture vs kindness study.

Question 21

Suzuki et al. (2015)

Answer 21

Hand torture study. Different early stage of neurological processing but becomes more similar. Indicates that the initial perspective-taking process is more challenging with robots.

Question 22

Ceh and Vanman (N.D.)

Answer 22

Found that more human-like robots elicited greater empathy and threat responses.

Did not find evidence suggesting that naming and gendering robots increased concern, empathy, propensity for evil or blurred boundaries.

Question 23

Sommer et al. (2019)

Answer 23

Children consider robots holding a moral status in-between humans and inanimate objects. Moral concern increased with age.

Question 24

Ceballos et al. (2024)

Answer 24

Sadfishing is when individuals exaggerate their emotional state online to gain sympathy. Found that denial as a coping strategy, attention-seeking behaviour, and using social media while intoxicated were significant predictors of sadfishing.

Question 25

Bunker and Kwan (2024)

Answer 25

Boomers perceive themselves as similar online as they do offline, whereas Gen Z see their online and offline selves as different. Have a greater distinction between online and offline behaviour predicted to better outcomes.

Question 26

Khamis et al. (2016)

Answer 26

Online influencers engage in “self-branding.” Leads to opportunities and challenges such as the need for consistent self-presentation.

Question 27

Huston et al. (2001)

Answer 27

Disillusionment model. Idealisation > Encounter with reality > Disillusionment > Adjustment > New understanding.
Common for new relationships, especially online.

Question 28

Burgoon & Jones (1976)

Answer 28

Expectancy violation theory.

Question 29

Phillip et al. (2012)

Answer 29

Virtual humans in VR were shown to increase the participant’s facial expressions.

Question 30

Premkumar et al. (2022)

Answer 30

VR was shown to be effective in reducing anxiety.

Question 31

Raeder et al. (2020)

Answer 31

Exposure therapy using VR for arachnophobia was effective.

Question 32

Lindley (2003)

Answer 32

Distinguishes between game forms and functions based on narrative, repetitive gameplay, and simulation.

Question 33

Norman et al. (2016)

Answer 33

Further split video game classification with immersion and skill factor profiles

Question 34

Anderson and Dill (2000)

Answer 34

Found that violent video games increases agressive thoughts and behaviour through general affective agression model.

Question 35

Cole and Griffiths (2007)

Answer 35

Gaming can be used as a social space.

Question 36

Ajzen (1985)

Answer 36

Theory of planned behaviour. Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control modifies intentions and subsequently behaviours.

Question 37

Engstrom et al. (2023)

Answer 37

Countries that had more exposure to the internet had less restrictive preferences for online self-disclosure. (Norms)

Question 38

Brandimarte et al. (2013)

Answer 38

The “Control Paradox”
- increased perceived control over privacy settings actually leads to more information being disclosed!
Increased perceived control leads to increased disclosure.

Question 39

Ma & Chen (2023)

Answer 39

People tend to be overconfident with the amount of knowledge they have about privacy.
Suggests training.

Question 40

Cai (2023)

Answer 40

Sharenting is the idea that parents have a perceived ownership over their child’s information. Leads to the sharing of information without consent. 95% of parents have shared information. They are motivated to update family and friends, and overshare because do not consider the other audience.

Question 41

Montag et al. (2021)

Answer 41

Suggests a split between predominantly mobile and predominantly non-mobile for internet used disorders.
Different behavioural patterns

Question 42

Haidt (2024)

Answer 42

Suggests that decreases in mental well-being for young people can be linked to an increase in mobile phone and social media usage.

Question 43

Odgers (2024)

Answer 43

Found mixed or small correlations for Haidt’s graphs. People who are more depressed are more likely to use social media.

Question 44

Orben (2024)

Answer 44

Mechanisms linking social media use to adolescent mental health vulnerability.
Developmental sensitivity.
Social media affordances (how the website works).

Question 45

Vanman et al. (2018)

Answer 45

Those who abstained from facebook for five days had lower cortisol levels (stress) and lower life satisfaction.