Readings Flashcards
Herbst
Foreign war was crucial to allow states:
- to become more efficient in revenue collection
- to improve administrative capabilities
- to create a national identity
- war caused European states to extract resources through taxes and gain nationalism, because Africa was peaceful they never got it.
Stepan Et al
state nations(strong nations): States that are culturally diverse, but whose diversity is not geographically based or politically motivated.
state nations(weak nations): States that have strong cultural diversity, some of which is territory-based and politically articulated by specific groups.
nation states: States that have a strong national identity, where citizens mostly identify as their nationality.
Fearon and Laitin
*conditions that allow rebels to hide from government forces
-rough terrain, far distance from state power
-foreign, cross-border sanctuaries
-local population sides with insurgents
(wealthy states less likley to fall into civil war)
Cederman et al.
*countries that contain ethnic groups that are highly unequal both terms of (economic and political power)
baldwin and huber
*use three different methods to measure diversity and growth
ELF- the odds that 2 people chosen at random are of different ethnic groups
Cultural Fractionalization- the odds that 2 people chosen at random speak the same language/how related their two languages are
BGI- measures income inequality between two ethnic groups
Lijphart
Lipjart compares between Parliamentary and Presidential as well as between PR and SMD and found that the Parliamentery+PR system was the best combination for representing different ethnic groups in the state.
Duveger’s Law
Third parties are always underrepresented in a winner take all system.
-(SMD) typically lead to two major parities causing the elimination of the party.
Rasler
repression decreased iranian protest in the short term. But in the long run repression helped launch mirco-moblilzation process that rapidly brought large numbers of people into the street.
Smith
- surpluses allowed their population to grow and produce more specialist, which made further technological progress possible
- countries should only produce goods at which they have a comparative advantage.
North
Institutions provide the incentive structure of an economy, as that structure evolves, it shapes the direction of economic change toward growth, stagnation or decline.
Acemoglu
- three characteristics of good institutions:
- enforcement of property rights
- constraints on the actions of the elites
- some degree of equal opportunity
Levitsky and way
Competitive authoritarianism is a type of authoritarian regime under which regular elections are held, and opposition party members can run freely, and fairly, but incumbents don’t play fair:
- abuse of state resources and denied media coverage for the opposition candidate.
- intimidation and occasionally even death results
- competitive authoritarianism can never be viewed as meeting the standard of democracy.
magaloni and kricheli
One party/dominat party regimes have become the most common type of authoritarian rule
-dictators use bargaining function (for the elites ) and mobilizing functions (for the masses) to eliminate potential threats to stability and also rally mass support.
Easterly
Economic growth frees the poor from hunger and disease. Economy-wide GDP growth per capita translates into rising incomes for the poorest of the poor. (The rising tide lifts all boats)
ex: Pakistan struggle to prevent disease because at low incomes they don’t have access to medical knowledge or medical care.
Iversen and soskice
PR systems redistribute more because of the Center-Left Coalition that is made to “Soak the rich”. This means that the median voter is further left than it would be in a SMD system.
