Readings Flashcards
Herbst
Foreign war was crucial to allow states:
- to become more efficient in revenue collection
- to improve administrative capabilities
- to create a national identity
- war caused European states to extract resources through taxes and gain nationalism, because Africa was peaceful they never got it.
Stepan Et al
state nations(strong nations): States that are culturally diverse, but whose diversity is not geographically based or politically motivated.
state nations(weak nations): States that have strong cultural diversity, some of which is territory-based and politically articulated by specific groups.
nation states: States that have a strong national identity, where citizens mostly identify as their nationality.
Fearon and Laitin
*conditions that allow rebels to hide from government forces
-rough terrain, far distance from state power
-foreign, cross-border sanctuaries
-local population sides with insurgents
(wealthy states less likley to fall into civil war)
Cederman et al.
*countries that contain ethnic groups that are highly unequal both terms of (economic and political power)
baldwin and huber
*use three different methods to measure diversity and growth
ELF- the odds that 2 people chosen at random are of different ethnic groups
Cultural Fractionalization- the odds that 2 people chosen at random speak the same language/how related their two languages are
BGI- measures income inequality between two ethnic groups
Lijphart
Lipjart compares between Parliamentary and Presidential as well as between PR and SMD and found that the Parliamentery+PR system was the best combination for representing different ethnic groups in the state.
Duveger’s Law
Third parties are always underrepresented in a winner take all system.
-(SMD) typically lead to two major parities causing the elimination of the party.
Rasler
repression decreased iranian protest in the short term. But in the long run repression helped launch mirco-moblilzation process that rapidly brought large numbers of people into the street.
Smith
- surpluses allowed their population to grow and produce more specialist, which made further technological progress possible
- countries should only produce goods at which they have a comparative advantage.
North
Institutions provide the incentive structure of an economy, as that structure evolves, it shapes the direction of economic change toward growth, stagnation or decline.
Acemoglu
- three characteristics of good institutions:
- enforcement of property rights
- constraints on the actions of the elites
- some degree of equal opportunity
Levitsky and way
Competitive authoritarianism is a type of authoritarian regime under which regular elections are held, and opposition party members can run freely, and fairly, but incumbents don’t play fair:
- abuse of state resources and denied media coverage for the opposition candidate.
- intimidation and occasionally even death results
- competitive authoritarianism can never be viewed as meeting the standard of democracy.
magaloni and kricheli
One party/dominat party regimes have become the most common type of authoritarian rule
-dictators use bargaining function (for the elites ) and mobilizing functions (for the masses) to eliminate potential threats to stability and also rally mass support.
Easterly
Economic growth frees the poor from hunger and disease. Economy-wide GDP growth per capita translates into rising incomes for the poorest of the poor. (The rising tide lifts all boats)
ex: Pakistan struggle to prevent disease because at low incomes they don’t have access to medical knowledge or medical care.
Iversen and soskice
PR systems redistribute more because of the Center-Left Coalition that is made to “Soak the rich”. This means that the median voter is further left than it would be in a SMD system.
Skocpol
Social revolutions happened in modernizing agrarian bureaucracy because the lower class was supporting so much of the economy while simultaneously having almost no formal political power.
Sen
Capability approach, focus less on money and more on quality of life as an end goal for a country. Wealth is important only as a tool to bring a better life/opportunities.
Collier and Gunning
Africa has grown so slowly because of poor trade policies and corruption in private sector jobs.
